<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ilvm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нормативно-правовое регулирование в ветеринарии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Legal regulation in veterinary medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-6252</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SpbGUVM Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52419/issn2782-6252.2026.1.131</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ilvm-1032</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКУШЕРСТВО, ГИНЕКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности криоконсервации спермы жеребцов (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Characteristics of of stallion semen cryopreservation (a review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Королева</surname><given-names>Э. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koroleva</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эрика Эдуардовна Королева - ассистент ветеринарного врача-ипполога КСК «Баксар» </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Erika Eduardovna Koroleva -  Assistant Veterinarian-Hippologist, Baksar Animal Health Club </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7011-4594</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корочкина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korochkina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Александровна Корочкина -  д-р. ветеринар. наук, доц.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Aleksandrovna Korochkina - Dr. of Veterinary Sciences, Assoc. Prof.,</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.kora@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет ветеринарной медицины</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>131</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Королева Э.Э., Корочкина Е.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Королева Э.Э., Корочкина Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koroleva E.E., Korochkina E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ilvm.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1032">https://ilvm.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1032</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель данного обзора — анализ и систематизация современных научных данных об особенностях криоконсервации спермы жеребцов, механизмах криоповреждения и подходах к оценке качества деконсервированного материала. Криоконсервация спермы является ключевым методом долгосрочного сохранения генетического материала в коневодстве. Однако сперма жеребцов характеризуется низкой криоустойчивостью, что обусловлено видоспецифичными особенностями строения гамет: асимметричной формой головки, абаксиальным прикреплением хвоста и высокой чувствительностью митохондрий к осмотическому стрессу. Криорезистентность сперматозоидов представляет собой индивидуально варьирующую способность сохранять оплодотворяющую способность после замораживания-оттаивания. Основными механизмами криоповреждений выступают осмотический стресс, митохондриальная дисфункция и оксидативный стресс, приводящие к повреждению мембран, митохондрий и ДНК. Современные протоколы криоконсервации включают удаление семенной плазмы, добавление криозащитных сред с проникающими (глицерин, диметилформамид) и непроникающими криопротекторами, контролируемое охлаждение и замораживание в парах азота. Перспективными направлениями являются использование амидов и витрификация. Оттаивание проводят при 37-38°C в течение 30 секунд. Эффективность искусственного осеменения замороженно-оттаянной спермой при оптимальных условиях достигает 40-60% жерёбости за цикл. Успех процедуры зависит от качества оттаянной спермы, точной синхронизации овуляции и индивидуального подхода к выбору протокола для конкретного производителя. Криоконсервация спермы жеребцов остается сложной биотехнологической задачей, требующей индивидуального подхода. Дальнейшее совершенствование технологии должно быть направлено на подавление окислительного стресса и разработку альтернативных методов замораживания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this review is to analyze and systematize current scientific data on the specifics of stallion sperm cryopreservation, mechanisms of cryodamage, and approaches to assessing the quality of thawed material. Sperm cryopreservation is a key method for the long-term preservation of genetic material in horse breeding. However, stallion sperm is characterized by low cryotolerance, which is due to species-specific structural features of the gametes: the asymmetric shape of the head, abaxial attachment of the flagellum, and high sensitivity of mitochondria to osmotic stress. Cryoresistance of spermatozoa is an individually varying ability to maintain fertilizing capacity after freezing-thawing. The main mechanisms of cryodamage are osmotic stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, leading to damage to membranes, mitochondria, and DNA. Modern cryopreservation protocols include the removal of seminal plasma, the addition of cryoprotective media with penetrating (glycerol, dimethylformamide) and non-penetrating cryoprotectants, controlled cooling, and freezing in nitrogen vapor. Promising directions include the use of amides and vitrification. Thawing is carried out at 37-38°C for 30 seconds. The effectiveness of artificial insemination with frozen-thawed sperm under optimal conditions reaches a 40-60% pregnancy rate per cycle. The success of the procedure depends on the quality of the post-thaw sperm, precise synchronization of ovulation, and an individual approach to selecting a protocol for a particular stallion. Cryopreservation of stallion sperm remains a complex biotechnological challenge requiring an individual approach. Further improvement of the technology should be aimed at suppressing oxidative stress and developing alternative freezing methods.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>криоконсервация</kwd><kwd>сперма жеребцов</kwd><kwd>протоколы замораживания</kwd><kwd>искусственное осеменение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryopreservation</kwd><kwd>stallion sper m</kwd><kwd>freezing protocols</kwd><kwd>artificial insemination</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Атрощенко М.М., Медведев Д.В. Биохимические маркеры качества спермы жеребцов (обзор). Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2023;58(2):249-263. DOI 10.15389/agrobiology.2023.2.249rus</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atroshchenko M.M., Medvedev D.V. Biochemical markers of stallion sperm quality (review). Agricultural biology. 2023; 58( 2): 249–263. (in Russ) DOI 10.15389/agrobiology.2023.2.249rus</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Атрощенко М.М., Калашников В.В., Брагина Е.Е. и др. Сравнительное изучение ультраструктуры сперматозоидов в эпидидимальной, эякулированной и криоконсервированной сперме жеребцов. Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2017;52(2):274–281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atroshchenko M.M., Kalashnikov V.V., Bragina E.E., et al. Comparative study of sperm ultrastructure in epididymal, ejaculated, and cryopreserved semen of stallions. Agricultural biology. 2017; 52(2): 274–281. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Студенцов А.П., Шипилов В.С., Никитин В.Я. и др. Ветеринарное акушерство, гинекология и биотехника размножения. Москва: Колос. 2000:495 с. ISBN 5-10-003259-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Studentsov A.P., Shipilov V.S., Nikitin V.Ya., et al. Veterinary obstetrics, gynecology, and reproduction bioengineering. Moscow: Kolos. 2000: 495 p. (in Russ) ISBN 5-10-003259-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никиткина Е.В. Криоконсервация спермы жеребцов в разных разбавителях. Нормативно-правовое регулирование в ветеринарии. 2025;3:55–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikitkina E.V. Cryopreservation of stallion sperm in different extenders. Legal regulation in veterinary medicine. 2025; 3: 55–58. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Проект № 18-16-00071 : Аннотация. Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт генетики и разведения сельскохозяйственных животных» (ВНИИГРЖ) [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://www.vij.edu.ru (дата обращения: 10.02.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Project No. 18-16-00071: Abstract. Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “All-Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals” (VNIIGRZH) [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.vij.edu.ru (accessed: 10.02.2026). (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Строение и функции сперматозоидов [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://studfile.net/preview/9847776/page:14/#20 (дата обращения: 08.02.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Structure and functions of spermatozoa [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://studfile.net/preview/9847776/page:14/#20 (accessed: 08.02.2026). (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сушко О.Б., Жегунов Г.Ф., Савельєва М.С. и др. Режими кріоконсервування і деконсервування сперми тварин. Науково-технічний бюлетень. Харків. 2017. Відомості про том, випуск та сторінки відсутні. Огляд.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sushko O.B., Zhegunov G.F., Savelyeva M.S. and others. Regimes of cryopreservation and deconservation of animal sperm. Scientific and technical bulletin. Kharkiv. 2017. News about that, issue and side of the day. Look around.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bielański W., Kaczmarski F. Morphology of spermatozoa in semen from stallions of normal fertility. Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement. 1979;27:39-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bielański W., Kaczmarski F. Morphology of spermatozoa in semen from stallions of normal fertility. Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement. 1979;27:39-45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caldevilla M. et al. Pre- and Post-Thaw Addition of L-Carnitine and Pyruvate: Effect on Stallion Sperm Parameters. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2024;59(9):e14720.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caldevilla M. et al. Pre- and Post-Thaw Addition of L-Carnitine and Pyruvate: Effect on Stallion Sperm Parameters. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2024;59(9):e14720.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Zutter B.M. et al. Optimising Stallion Semen Cryopreservation: Preliminary Insights Into Pre-Centrifugation Extender Effects. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2025;60(10):e70135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Zutter B.M. et al. Optimising Stallion Semen Cryopreservation: Preliminary Insights Into Pre-Centrifugation Extender Effects. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2025;60(10):e70135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hernández-Avilés C. Stallion sperm cryopreservation: concepts in cryopreservation-induced sperm damage, processing, analysis, and utilization in assisted reproductive technologies. Clinical Theriogenology. 2024;16:10832. DOI: 10.58292/CT.v16.10832</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hernández-Avilés C. Stallion sperm cryopreservation: concepts in cryopreservation-induced sperm damage, processing, analysis, and utilization in assisted reproductive technologies. Clinical Theriogenology. 2024;16:10832. DOI: 10.58292/CT.v16.10832</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larriva Gonzalez E.F., Erráez-Guaicha J.E., Torres-Ordóñez K.E., Larriva-Salazar S., Galarza Lucero D.A. Assessment of the cryosurvival of Spanish horse spermatozoa cryopreserved by microdroplets and straw vitrification techniques. IETS 52nd Annual Conference. Panama. 2026:21. doi: 10.1071/RDv38n1Ab40</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larriva Gonzalez E.F., Erráez-Guaicha J.E., Torres-Ordóñez K.E., Larriva-Salazar S., Galarza Lucero D.A. Assessment of the cryosurvival of Spanish horse spermatozoa cryopreserved by microdroplets and straw vitrification techniques. IETS 52nd Annual Conference. Panama. 2026:21. doi: 10.1071/RDv38n1Ab40</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loomis P.R., Squires E.L. Frozen semen management in equine breeding programs. Theriogenology. 2005;64(3):480-491. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loomis P.R., Squires E.L. Frozen semen management in equine breeding programs. Theriogenology. 2005;64(3):480-491. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macías García B., Miró Morán A., González Fernández L., et al. The mitochondria of stallion spermatozoa are more sensitive than the plasmalemma to osmotic-induced stress: role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Journal of Andrology. 2012;33(1):105-113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macías García B., Miró Morán A., González Fernández L., et al. The mitochondria of stallion spermatozoa are more sensitive than the plasmalemma to osmotic-induced stress: role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Journal of Andrology. 2012;33(1):105-113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller C.D. Optimizing the use of frozen-thawed equine semen. Theriogenology. 2008;70(3):463-468. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller C.D. Optimizing the use of frozen-thawed equine semen. Theriogenology. 2008;70(3):463-468. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neglia G., D‘Occhio M.J., Meomartino L. et al. Repeatability of Selected Parameters Related to Stallion Sperm Quality and Cryotolerance. Animals. 2025;15(19):2805. DOI 10.3390/ani15192805</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neglia G., D‘Occhio M.J., Meomartino L. et al. Repeatability of Selected Parameters Related to Stallion Sperm Quality and Cryotolerance. Animals. 2025;15(19):2805. DOI 10.3390/ani15192805</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oke S. Equine Reproductive Research: Focus on the Stallion. EquiManagement. 2023;18 Dec. [Электронный ресурс] Режим доступа: https://equimanagement.com/research-medical/reproduction/equine-reproductive-research-focus-on-thestallion/ (дата обращения: 08.02.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oke S. Equine Reproductive Research: Focus on the Stallion. EquiManagement. 2023;18 Dec. [Электронный ресурс] Режим доступа: https://equimanagement.com/research-medical/reproduction/equine-reproductive-research-focus-on-thestallion/ (дата обращения: 08.02.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serpa Carangui E.M., Samaniego Campoverde J.X., Galarza Lucero D.A. et al. Optimization of cryopreservation of Arabian stallion sperm using dimethylformamide, glycerol, and different freezing protocols. 16th International Congress of the Spanish Society for Animal Reproduction (AERA). Leon, Spain, 2022. doi.org/10.1111/rda.14263</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serpa Carangui E.M., Samaniego Campoverde J.X., Galarza Lucero D.A. et al. Optimization of cryopreservation of Arabian stallion sperm using dimethylformamide, glycerol, and different freezing protocols. 16th International Congress of the Spanish Society for Animal Reproduction (AERA). Leon, Spain, 2022. doi.org/10.1111/rda.14263</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pruß D., Oldenhof H., Wolkers W.F. et al. Alginate encapsulation of stallion sperm for increasing storage stability. Animal Reproduction Science. 2022;238:106945. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106945</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pruß D., Oldenhof H., Wolkers W.F. et al. Alginate encapsulation of stallion sperm for increasing storage stability. Animal Reproduction Science. 2022;238:106945. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106945</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veeramachaneni D.N.R., Sawyer H.R. Sperm morphology in stallions: ultrastructure as a functional and diagnostic tool. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice. 2006;22(3):683-692.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veeramachaneni D.N.R., Sawyer H.R. Sperm morphology in stallions: ultrastructure as a functional and diagnostic tool. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice. 2006;22(3):683-692.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vidament M. French field results (1985-2005) on factors affecting fertility of frozen stallion semen. Animal Reproduction Science. 2005;89(1-4):115-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.07.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vidament M. French field results (1985-2005) on factors affecting fertility of frozen stallion semen. Animal Reproduction Science. 2005;89(1-4):115-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.07.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
