According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to a favorable environment. According to Article 137 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, animals are property and the general rules on property apply to them. Accordingly, owning an animal implies the burden of maintaining property, namely: ensuring the needs of animals, compliance with special sanitary and epidemiological conditions of detention, protection from abuse, the obligation to eliminate the possible consequences of increased danger of animals to others. One of the reasons for the formation of a danger to the health and property of citizens is the problem of handling animals without owners, namely stray dogs. The article examines current norms at the federal and regional levels, judicial practice on this issue, and provides statistics on harm to citizens. It is concluded that it is necessary to recognize the difference between regions in the situation with neglected animals and the reasonableness of implementing various principles of working with them.

The Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman has accumulated extensive experience in developing basic cost standards for the provision of public services in veterinary medicine. In the article, the authors present the results of work on the development of basic cost standards for the provision of public services by regional laboratory and diagnostic institutions of the state veterinary services of the Kaliningrad, Lipetsk, Ryazan regions and the Republic of Adygea. The need to establish cost standards is dictated by the need to form a state task for institutions in order to justify the amount of budget financing of their core activities. When developing standards, the requirements of the federal and regional regulatory framework defining the procedure for financial provision of public services by budgetary veterinary institutions of these subjects of the Russian Federation are taken into account. The developed basic cost standards have been adopted by customers - regional executive authorities in the field of veterinary medicine.

The article describes a system of veterinary measures aimed to preventing the occurrence and spread of avian influenza on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, provides recommendations for the organization and improvement of these measures, reflects information about the epizootic situation of avian influenza in the world and Russia, describes cases of occurrence of highly pathogenic and low–pathogenic GP in the territory of the Sverdlovsk region.

Providing the population with high-quality meat and dairy products is one of the important elements of the country’s food security. A significant element in the implementation of this task is the production of healthy young animals. The course of the intrauterine period has a great influence on the health of the offspring, and any pathological processes occurring in the mother’s body at this time affect the health of the newborns. Among diseases of the reproductive tract of cows, genital mycoplasmosis occupies a special place, characterized by an almost complete absence of symptoms and, therefore, the difficulty of timely diagnosis. In the absence of morphological changes in the reproductive organs, infected females are capable of fertilization and bearing a fetus. On this basis, we were interested in studying what changes are observed in the body of calves obtained from infected mothers in terms of the species composition of leukocytes and their functional activity, when using various treatment regimens for genital mycoplasmosis. During the experiment, tulathromycin and tulathromycin in combination with thymalin were administered to deeply pregnant cows with genital mycoplasmosis, and the number of leukocytes was determined in the offspring obtained from them, the leukogram was displayed, and the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and the phagocytic index were assessed. The results obtained demonstrated that combination therapy of pregnant cows with genital mycoplasmosis, in comparison with the use of only an antibiotic, makes it possible to obtain from them calves the morphological composition of the blood and the phagocytosis indicators of which will not differ in any way from those of the offspring of clinically healthy animals.

The article presents research data on the influence of various stress factors, namely cooling or overheating, provoking jaundice in silkworm caterpillars, in order to identify the degree of hereditary resistance of the silkworm to jaundice. The results of a study involving artificial infection of caterpillars with a virus without additional stress treatment are also presented.

Mycoplasma is considered as commensal microorganism, however, due to a decrease in the natural resistance of the macroorganism, they can cause an infectious process of various localization. Diseases caused by Мycoplasma are noted in farm animals and birds of various species. A significant part of the livestock can be affected, which entails serious economic damage. The purpose of the presented work was to study the clinical signs and pathological changes in enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma in pigs. When observing 18 four-month-old Landrace piglets living in a vivarium, one animal showed periodic dry cough, decreased fatness, lethargy and decreased activity, body temperature 39.5 ° C, heart rate - 130 /min, respiratory rate - 42 /min. The other animals were clinically healthy. After slaughter, autopsy of 18 animals revealed pathological changes of varying severity in three: fibrinous pleurisy, lobar fibrinous pneumonia, pulmonary edema. Microscopy of histological preparations selected from fragments of the affected lungs revealed Mycoplasma and changes characteristic of interstitial pneumonia: neutrophil infiltration, fibrosis. Conclusions: In the described case, enzootic pneumonia is not a highly contagious disease: out of 18 animals, only one piglet had clinical signs, and three had pathological changes. Due to the subclinical process, manifested by rare dry coughing, the pathological changes may remains unnoticed until the autopsy of the animals.

Zoonoses include a large group of infectious diseases (about 190), the source of infection and reservoir of which are many species of agricultural, domestic, wild, synanthropic animals and birds. Zoonoses spread naturally among animals and humans. At the same time, a person for pathogens of zoonoses is rarely a source, never a reservoir, and often a biological dead end, that is, when a person is infected in his body, the pathogen dies and epizootic and infectious processes spontaneously fade away. Infections that have territories with a certain landscape, within the boundaries of which the pathogen circulates throughout the epizootic chain for a long time, according to the theory of academician E.H. Pavlovsky, are called natural focal infections [9]. It is very difficult to eliminate the incidence of natural focal infections, since their pathogens exist in natural foci, and currently no state in the world can consider itself protected from the risk of their pathogens entering its territory [14, 21]. The purpose of the study is to review foreign and domestic literary sources on the spread of some natural focal zoonoses (rabies, anthrax, leptospirosis, brucellosis, dirofilariasis), the system of epizootological control and supervision over them. The materials for the review article were studies by scientists from 10 federal districts of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia. The main research methods are structural and systematic analysis of OIE documents and official Rosselkhoznadzor websites.
Epizootological control and supervision of the above-mentioned natural focal zoonoses is necessary for timely response to the occurrence, spread of epizootic foci and their limitation to sporadic outbreaks with coordinated actions of veterinary and medical services in the entrusted and adjacent territories.

Almost every year in Kazakhstan there are outbreaks of anthrax with registration of the disease in farm animals and people.
The purpose of the research was to analyze the epizootic situation regarding anthrax in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the period from 2014 to 2023.
Analysis of the data showed that in the period from 2014 to 2023, anthrax infection in Kazakhstan was recorded almost annually.
The distribution of cases of registration of this infection in different regions of the republic varied significantly. In a number of regions, during the specified period, anthrax infection was recorded once, and in some regions the infection was diagnosed two, three or more times.
Studies of blood serum in animals after immunization anthrax vaccine showed that most animals have post-vaccination antibodies, which helps reduce the risk of anthrax in animals and humans and the emergence of a new epizootic anthrax outbreak.

The article presents the results of a study conducted to evaluate the larvocidal effectiveness of macrocyclic lactones containing avermectins against reindeer edemagenosis. The spread of edemagenosis and the degree of infestation of reindeer by subcutaneous botfly larvae were studied by examining animals during the period of clinical manifestations of the disease (January-February), as well as by examining skins during the planned slaughter of deer. The extent of infestation by subcutaneous gadfly larvae was 6.9% for mature male, 16.4% for first time pregnant female, and 29.9% for mature female. The drug "Novomek 1%", containing ivermectin as an active ingredient, was used intramuscularly; “Aversect-2” containing aversectin C – subcutaneously; “Hypodectin N” (DV ivermectin) was applied along the back in a thin stream, spreading from the withers to the sacrum. Taking into account the timing of the summer of the imaginal stages of gadflies, the animals were treated once in the third ten days of September. It has been established that the parental route of administration of macrocyclic lactones for edemagenosis is preferable. After using a drug containing ivermectin intramuscularly, larvae were found in one choir, 2 heifers and 5 heifers. After subcutaneous injections of the drug containing aversectin, edemagen larvae were not found in the choirs, but were detected in one heifer and 3 heifers. In animals treated with a drug containing ivermectin by applying it to the skin along the back, larvae were found in 2 mature males, 4 first time pregnant female and 6 mature females. When examining the skins of all deer in the control group, O. tarandi larvae were detected. A drug containing ivermectin as an active ingredient, used intramuscularly, has a more pronounced larvocidal effect compared to a drug used externally. After subcutaneous application of a drug containing aversectin C, edemagen larvae were not detected in choruses, and in heifers and important heifers, the extent of invasion did not exceed 30%. Preparations from the group of macrocyclic lactones, regardless of the route of administration, did not have a 100% larvocidal effect on the larvae of the subcutaneous botfly O. tarandi when used once.

Among the etiological factors of gastroenteritis in dogs, cryptosporidiosis occupies about 40%. Gastroenteritis is one of the most common pathologies in veterinary practice. One of the causes of gastroenteritis is parasitic infestations, including coccidiosis. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that there is a very small amount of materials covering cryptosporidiosis specifically in dogs. It is necessary to pay attention to this cococidosis, since it has an atypical life cycle, diagnosis, and at the same time is a zoonotic disease. This research paper presents clinical cases of 10 dogs that were spontaneously infected with cryptosporidiosis and examined in a veterinary clinic in St. Petersburg. Sick animals underwent a general clinical examination, which included: clinical examination, palpation, and laboratory tests. Blood samples were taken for clinical and biochemical analysis, general stool analysis, followed by staining. A rectal swab was taken for PCR testing. In adult dogs, clinical signs of this disease may be atypical. The picture of gastroenteritis is accompanied by diarrhea syndrome with watery feces and a large amount of mucus. The increase in segmented neutrophils is explained by parasitic invasion and caused intestinal inflammation. The increase in lactate degylrogenase is explained by increased destruction of enterocytes due to parasitism by protozoa - cryptosporidium. A general stool test is not informative for the detection of coccidia oocysts. It is PCR research that is an informative diagnostic method with extremely high sensitivity of up to 98%. The drug “Stop-coccid 5%” at a dosage of 0.2 ml/kg is an effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis in dogs. “Stop-coccid 5%” is a low-hazard substance; in recommended doses it does not cause complications or side effects, and does not interfere with the formation of immunity in animals. It is also necessary to carry out symptomatic treatment along with antiparasitic treatment, including antibiotic therapy (for example, a drug from the macrolide group «Tylosin»), since intestinal dysbacteriosis occurs due to the destruction of enterocytes.

The material for the study was 4213 electronic medical histories of domestic animals, which had clinical signs of respiratory system pathologies, such as tachypnea, dyspnea, shortness of breath, medium and small bubbly wheezing, apathy, low tolerance to physical exertion. In the course of the study, it was found that symptoms of pneumonia of various etiologies were noted in 744 individuals or 17.61% of all animals with various pathologies of the respiratory system. Aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed in 183 animals, which is 24.59% of all patients with pneumonia or 4.34% of all animals diagnosed with respiratory apparatus pathology. Radiographs revealed that 91 animals (50%) have alveolar infiltrates in the lung tissue, 61 animals (33.3%) have an interstitial pattern. In 30 animals (16.6%), lung infiltration was represented by both alveolar and interstitial patterns. Of the 7 lung lobes: one lobe was affected in 95 animals (52%), two lung lobes were affected in 56 animals (31%), three lung lobes in 16 animals (9%), four lung lobes in 10 animals (5%), all 7 lobes were affected in three animals (1%). Taking into account the results obtained, the authors conclude that 50% of the studied animals had alveolar infiltrations in the lungs, 52% had only one lung lobe affected. The data obtained should be taken into account when diagnosing aspiration pneumonia in small pets.

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in cats (lat. anemia haemolytica) - is a condition in which the body's immune system attacks normal glycoprotein molecules on the surface of red blood cells, causing them to be destroyed in large numbers. This occurs due to a problem with the body's ability to distinguish between its own cells and foreign invaders. According to old publications, the mortality rate for this disease is close to 70%, but new research and increased awareness among veterinarians in recent years puts this figure down to 30-40%. Our research aims to review the current literature and provide information on treatment options based on current protocols. Treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia depends on the severity of the symptoms and any other infections that may be present. Typically, the treatment for blood parasites involves the use of immunosuppressive drugs, anticoagulants, antibiotics, and blood transfusions. When confirming the presence of parasites, doxycycline, an antibacterial medication, is prescribed at a dose of 10 mg/kg for an average of two weeks. In cases of secondary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia , symptomatic treatment may be used in conjunction with treatment for the underlying inflammation to reduce it. Despite the increasing number of cases of blood parasites, we still do not fully understand the exact mechanisms behind their development. However, with the development of standardized treatment protocols, increased awareness among veterinarians, and assistance from pet owners in providing information for diagnosis, we can reduce mortality rates and find new treatments for severe cases.

Surgical treatment of corneal sequestration in cats was performed in various ways. Treatment of corneal sequestration was carried out by such methods as superficial keratectomy followed by temporary tarzoraphy, layered keratectomy with closure of the defect using a flap on a pedicle from the palpebral conjunctiva and layered keratectomy followed by corneoscleral transposition. The results of the effectiveness of each surgical intervention method were described. Two out of three cases of corneal sequestration treatment by superficial keratectomy ended successfully, in one case the treatment ended unsuccessfully. Treatment of corneal sequestration by layered keratectomy followed by closure of the defect using a flap on a leg from the palpebral conjunctiva was successful, and treatment by layered keratectomy followed by corneoscleral transposition in one case was unsuccessful. The absence of a positive effect from surgery could be due to a violation of the instructions by the owners or the peculiarities of the regenerative process of the cornea of these patients.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are immature cells of the body that have the ability to proliferate into various functionally active cells. MSCs injected into the body have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, stimulating, angiogenetic and regenerative properties [1, 3, 4]. In addition to stromal cells, their components, conditioned media (CM) and exosomes, have therapeutic properties [6]. CM are a combination of biomolecules and growth factors in the growth medium of cell cultures, it is obtained by centrifugation, fractionation and/or filtration, while the composition of CM depends on the duration of cultivation, the nutrient medium and additives used in cultivation, as well as the passage number and the conditions under which the cells were grown [7-10]. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by cells with a diameter of 20 to 1000 nm, capable of encapsulating proteins and RNA, penetrating through the plasma membrane or binding to proteins on the surface of receptors, transporting various substances to target cells [12]. Exosomes are obtained using ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration and precipitation methods [13].MSC components are used in various fields of veterinary medicine. For example, an air-conditioned environment is used in the treatment of wounds and ulcers. A study by Bussche L., Harman R.M. et al. (2015) shows that CM obtained from horse MSCs stimulates fibroblast migration in vitro, as well as increases gene expression levels that have a positive effect on wound healing [18], and cell-free therapy helps to reduce the area of the wound surface by 98.47% [19]. Conditioned environments are used in the treatment of fractures and diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Thus, exosome transplantation to the fracture site stimulates osteogenesis and angiogenesis [22] and promotes faster bone fusion [23]. Also, some authors note a beneficial effect in the treatment of osteoarthritis with exosomes [24, 25]. In addition, the researchers note a positive effect when using MSCs components in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, mastitis and endometritis, spinal cord injuries, as well as cryopreservation of spermatozoa.

Veterinary enterosorbents play an important role in veterinary practice. The aim of the study was to assess the toxicity of a sorbent based on amorphous silicon dioxide (enterosorbent ADC) obtained from rice husks, which are waste products of the rice processing industry and enterosorbent Zooverad obtained from vermiculite, on the body of laboratory rats. Nonlinear rats from the nursery of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences "Rappolovo" were used for the experiment. The live weight of animals is 40-80 g. 3 groups of animals with 20 rats each were formed. Group No. 1 received the basic diet and enterosorbent based on amorphous silicon dioxide (ADC), group No. 2 – the basic diet and Animal feed, group No. 3 – the control, only the basic diet. The results were evaluated by the live weight of the animals, their behavior, clinical condition, according to the results of hematological studies, pathoanatomical autopsy and massometry of the internal organs of rats.

The problem of mycotoxicosis is relevant for many livestock, pig and poultry farms, as well as for ensuring food security. In most cases, mycotoxin poisoning can take place in a latent form and manifest itself in the form of a decrease in productivity and growth retardation of animals, cicatricial digestion disorders, immunosuppression, etc. Therefore, the requirements of regulatory and technical documents clearly regulate the maximum allowable value of these contaminants in both feed and food raw materials. One of the modern ways to combat mycotoxins is the introduction of sorbents that bind to mycotoxins and prevent their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. There are a large number of sorbents on the market. The range of complex feed additives of sorption action is expanding, therefore, it is of interest to determine their effectiveness. One of these sorbents is a natural mineral - shungite - an intermediate product between amorphous carbon and crystalline graphite, containing carbon (30%), quartz (45%) and silicate micas (20%). The purpose of the work is to study and evaluate the sorption capacity of shungite in relation to mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone.
Methods. The object of the study were samples of crushed shungite. In the process of work, experimental studies and evaluation of the sorption properties of shungite in vitro were carried out using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
Results. When calculating and analyzing the sorption capacity of the mineral, high sorption properties with respect to mycotoxins were established, namely, aflatoxin B1 is sorbed by shungite by 99.2%, deoxynivalenol - by 99.9%, zearalenone - 99.8%, which makes it possible to recommend the mineral for use in veterinary medicine as a feed additive for the prevention of mycotoxicoses.

The work describes the effect of a chelate-mineral complex in the form of an aqueous solution for injection with repeated administration on survival, clinical condition, dynamics of body weight gain and changes in the concentration of formed elements in the peripheral blood of laboratory rats on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. e day from the start of drug administration as part of a chronic toxicity study. To conduct the experiment, 3 groups of male laboratory rats, 10 animals each, were formed. A therapeutic dose (0.05 ml/100 grams) and a dose between LD50 and therapeutic (0.47 ml/100 grams) were selected as study doses. The solution was administered intramuscularly, once a day, for 30 days.
During the studies, it was established that the drug at a dose of 0.05 ml/100 grams with long-term administration did not cause death or changes in the clinical condition of laboratory animals, and had a positive effect on the average daily gain in live weight. An increase in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin was observed in the blood from day 7.
With repeated administration of the chelate-mineral complex in the form of an aqueous solution for injection at a dose of 0.47 ml/kg, no cases of death were recorded; during a clinical examination from days 15 to 20, diarrhea was observed without other visible changes in the general condition. The average daily increase in live weight over 30 days was on average 56.1% lower than in rats receiving a therapeutic dose. In the blood - leukocytosis and an increase in the number of red blood cells, starting from 7 days after the start of the experiment.

The search for safe and effective medicines with high antibacterial activity is an urgent task. To expand the therapeutic effect combined dosage forms are being developed and implemented. The purpose of our research was to study the effectiveness of a drug based on amoxicillin and succinic acid in piglets with colibacteriosis. To achieve this goal, 45 piglets, two weeks old, of a large white breed, with an average body weight of 5.5 kg at the beginning of the experiment, were selected at a pig breeding enterprise in the Leningrad region. 15 piglets out of 45 were healthy, and 30 piglets had clinical signs of the disease. During the experiment, 3 groups of 15 heads each were formed: the first experimental, the second control and the third intact groups. The first experimental group received the test drug with feed at a dose of 0.0175 g per kg of body weight once a day for 5 days. Animals of the control group (with clinical signs of colibacteriosis) did not receive the drug. The third intact (healthy animals) group served as a reference. After taking the drug based on amoxicillin and succinic acid orally at a dose of 0.0175 g per kg of body weight once a day for 5 days, the piglets of the experimental group had no clinical signs of colibacteriosis, the bacteriological parameters of faecal samples were negative, which can be said about the blood parameters, which returned to normal. At the same time, the animals of the control group had pronounced clinical signs of the disease: asthenia, fever, dehydration, diarrhea, pallor of the mucous membranes, intestinal atony. There were shifts towards deterioration in the biochemical and morphological parameters of the blood, and the result was positive in the laboratory examination of fecal samples. It can be noted that the effectiveness of an antibacterial drug based on amoxicillin and succinic acid is also associated with the fact that succinic acid is included in the composition. Which in turn increases the sensitivity of microorganisms to amoxicillin by increasing the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane, thereby increasing the contact area of the drug with gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms.

Blood transfusion in veterinary practice is widespread in Russia. But in the case of transfusion reactions, we do not have general guidelines for the pharmacocorrection of such reactions. The frequency of hemotransfusion reactions is unknown. Preparation for hemotransfusion includes determining the blood type in cats or the antigen in dogs and a crosscompatibility test that can make blood transfusion safe. However, allergic reactions or other individual reactions to the donor's blood in the recipient cannot be predicted. There are general measures for transfusion reactions, such as monitoring, cessation of hemotransfusion, control of angioedema, pressure correction, therapy against hypersensitivity. The article summarizes the pharmacocorrection of transfusion reactions in dogs and cats.

This review article focuses on the biological characteristics of the wax moth (Galleria mellonella), as well as its application in aquaculture and agriculture.
An analysis of the use of wax moths and their waste products as feed products for animals, fish and birds was carried out. The European Union (EU) allows the use of various plant species as feed ingredients for fish, domestic animals, birds and pigs. Due to its high content of proteins and beneficial microelements, wax moth larva can be used in food products as an alternative protein. Biomass extracts contain large amounts of amino acids and fatty acids.
The large wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) is used as a biomodel for laboratory research because it can survive at temperatures of 37 0 C and its immune system is similar to the immune system of mammals.
The physiological and biochemical processes of Galleria mellonella larvae were studied to further determine the enzyme composition of the insect with the prospect of using the conducted research in the disposal of waste polymer materials in the plastic waste processing industry.
Scientific studies of wax moth larvae and their waste products have revealed the presence of enzymes and antibacterial peptides, which are of therapeutic importance. Antimicrobial activity has been established against gram-positive and gramnegative microorganisms, and also enhances the effect of some antibiotics.
Thus, wax moth larvae and their waste products have beneficial properties, have wide potential for use in various industries and open up new opportunities for further study and development of technologies based on this amazing insect.

The article describes the results of a study in the blood of horses of hepatospecific markers – the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), which were ranked by bilirubin concentration. The conducted studies revealed the relative constancy of enzymes – markers of hepatocellular damage and cholestasis in the ranges of bilirubin values from 5.9 to 20.0 mmol/L. At a bilirubin concentration from 20.0 to 25.0 mmol/l, there are signs of an increase in the activity of all the studied enzymes, but the changes are not statistically significant. At bilirubin concentrations from 30.0 to 48.3 mmol/l, there was a significant increase in ALT by 46.4%, AST by 20.4% and GGT by 36.0%. Correlation analysis of the studied enzymes against the background of hyperbilirubinemia showed the presence of a strong positive relationship between the enzymes markers of cytolysis ALT and AST (Pearson coefficient r=0,89) and between the enzymes markers of cholestasis GGT and alkaline phosphatase (Pearson coefficient r=0,72). It was found, that unidirectional changes are observed only in either markers of hepatocyte cytolysis or markers of cholestasis. A significant relationship between enzymes of different cellular localization has not been established.

In industrial production, it is extremely important to pay attention to the quality of daily diets and living conditions of animals. This is especially worth considering when working with highly productive animals, whose immune status may be more sensitive to environmental influences. Even if all standards are observed, sometimes it is not possible to completely protect animals from the effects of pathogenic factors, such as mycotoxins, bacterial and viral infections, foodborne diseases, etc. Considering the above, we can conclude that the goal of veterinary specialists is to prevent possible pathological conditions in productive animals. One of the important factors in the prevention of the above conditions can be feed additives, which can compensate for deficiencies in daily diets, be a source of biologically active substances and thereby increase the natural resistance and, importantly, the productivity of farm animals. Additives based on natural ingredients, such as algae, are of particular interest in the agricultural sector. In addition to its composition rich in biologically active substances, this supplement has the advantage of facilitated logistics and uncomplicated production, which is especially important for the Northwestern Federal District. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to study the effect of a specific feed additive based on fucus algae on the body of cows, in particular on the hematological status.

Fragments of vascular plexuses obtained from adult domestic pigs (n=5) and Central European wild boar (n=5) were subjected to histological examination. It was found that in domestic pigs and Central European wild boar, the unpaired vascular bodies of the third and fourth ventricles, as well as paired bodies of its lateral ventricles, lie in the brain cavities. When studying their tissues, it was found that, regardless of their topography, they have an almost identical structure. They are based on connective tissue with elements of the vascular bed and nerve endings. The outer lining of the choroid plexuses is a single-layer epithelium formed by cubic and prismatic cells that secrete cerebrospinal fluid. The height of the latter depends on their secretory activity.

Mineral and electrolyte metabolism are of particular importance in dairy cows due to the peculiarities of their physiology, which becomes more relevant in conditions of high productivity. Milk production directly affects the state of mineral metabolism in cows, and without a balanced diet that satisfies all the body’s needs, there is a risk of various pathologies and a violation of the quality of the final product (milk). During the lactation period, dairy cows are especially susceptible to deficiencies in the most important macroelements: calcium, phosphorus and basic electrolytes (potassium, sodium, chlorine), and given the tendency to increase productivity, this problem does not lose its relevance. It follows that the development of high-quality feed additives is one of the priorities of livestock farming. Also an important component of this issue is the development of safe additives based on natural components (for example, algae). Feed additives based on fucus algae have a number of useful properties, especially in livestock farming conditions, which can have a beneficial effect on the organisms of farm animals, dairy cows, in particular. In addition to the high content of various macro- and microelements, algae are an important source of fiber and other biologically active substances that can correct deficiencies in diets and have a positive effect on the digestibility of nutrients.

One of the most important branches of animal husbandry in the Russian Federation is sheep farming. One of the most important aspects of solving this problem is the development of modern reproductive technologies that allow indefinitely preserving and rationally using the gene pool of endangered animal species, creating competitive breeding forms. Without fundamental knowledge about the reproductive system, it will be difficult to plan a therapeutic and diagnostic base for conducting research in this area. The aim of the study was to establish the anatomical and topographic features of the ovaries in the age aspect in sheep of the Edilbaev breed, as well as to carry out morphometric measurements in three age groups (fetuses, newborns, young). The study was conducted at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education. Female sheep of the Edilbaev breed served as the object of the study. Three age groups were selected for the study. The first group consisted of five fetuses of four to five months old; the second – seven corpses of newborn lambs at the age of three days from birth; the third – young animals 3-4 months old. The average weight of fruits is 1500 g.; newborn lambs – 3250 g.; young animals – 18-22 kg. The methods used for the study were fine anatomical dissection, morphometry using a ruler and calipers. During the study, anatomical and topographical features of the ovaries in the age aspect of sheep of the Edilbaev breed were established. Skeleto- and syntopia of the ovaries in different age groups has been determined. During the comparative analysis of morphometric characteristics, both absolute and relative linear parameters of the ovaries of fetuses, newborns and young sheep of the Edilbaev breed were established. The study established asynchrony in the development of the left and right ovaries in the studied age groups. The results of the study can be used by veterinary specialists, in particular obstetricians, surgeons to establish operative access to the ovaries and in obstetric and gynecological practice in sheep breeding.

The capture of food, the process of chewing, the act of swallowing play an important role in the nutrition process. The mandibular salivary gland is located in the interdigital space, caudally partially covered by the parotid salivary gland. Its duct runs along the rostral and ventral margin and along the medial surface of the hyoid gland to the hyoid wart, where it opens. The mandibular salivary gland is responsible for the production of saliva, which flows through the duct into the oral cavity. Saliva plays an important role in the chewing process: wetting food, enveloping it in a food lump. The quality of an animal's life and productivity depend on the condition of the oral cavity organs and their functioning.
The purpose of the study is to study the features of the histological structure of the oral cavity organ (mandibular salivary gland) of the Anglo–Nubian goat breed. 7 heads were taken and materials for histological examination were selected. The cadaverous material was obtained from a farm located in the Moscow region. Sections 5-7 microns thick were made, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and trichrome by Masson. Some of the sections were stained with Alcyan blue (pH 2.5), followed by pre-staining with Mayer hematoxylin, and Schiff-iodic acid according to McManus. It has been established that the Anglo-Nubian goat is characterized by patterns of histological structure of the mandibular salivary gland common to mammals. The mandibular salivary gland is of a mixed type, has an alveolar-tubular structure. The mandibular salivary gland belongs to the extramural glands and secretes a mixed secret. Groups of serous secretory cells cover the mucous part of the terminal section from the outside in the form of a half moon.

The need to study the blood system during disinfection is due to the possible development of various kinds of pathological processes, which can affect the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the blood composition in animals. The study of such hematological indicators as the number of red blood cells, leukocytes, hemoglobin level, etc. may indicate some damage to the blood system under the influence of the local irritant factor of the disinfectants used. The circulatory system is one of the highly reactive cellular renewal systems. The full operation of this system is ensured by maintaining a constant number of functional cells, which quickly engage in adaptive reactions and nonspecific responses in response to various effects of disinfectants. The strength and time of possible toxic effects on the organs and tissues of animals depends on the physicochemical formula of these agents, the type, group and solubility of the disinfectant.

The article raises the problem of hyperglycemia in cows after calving and examines the frequency of its detection in the first two weeks after calving. The conducted studies made it possible to determine the frequency of detection of hypo- and hyperglycemia in livestock farms in the Leningrad region in connection with the content of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood of cows. A high percentage of cases of hyperglycemia were detected on the 5th and 15th days after calving - 30.5% and 34.4%, while hypoglycemia was detected only in 16.8% and 12.1% of cases. Glucose concentrations within the standard ranges were determined in 48.9% of cows on the fifth and in 57.4% of cows on the fifteenth day of lactation. Betahydroxybutyrate concentrations are inversely related to blood glucose levels. In this case, hypoglycemia is accompanied by a significant increase in the content of ketones in the blood on days 5 and 15 of lactation by 2.25 and 2.44 times in comparison with cows with optimal blood glucose levels. With hyperglycemia, on the contrary, a significant decrease in the content of beta-hydroxybutyric acid is detected by 24.5 and 20.1%. The elevated level of glucose in the blood on the fifth day after calving in 51.7% of cows decreases by the fifteenth day, in 24.4% it increases, and in 23.9% it remains at the same level.