The main task of military specialists of the veterinary and sanitary service, in the general scheme of material and technical support of troops (naval forces) on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad, is to organize the implementation of a set of veterinary and sanitary and anti-epizootic measures in the areas of rear support and deployment of troops, ensuring food safety of food products, eliminating toxic infections and diseases of people, thereby maintaining the health (combat readiness) of the personnel of the troops. The article presents materials related to the development of the personal and professional potential of military specialists of the veterinary and sanitary service, through advanced training courses, where students implement a practiceoriented approach to training and update theoretical and practical knowledge in accordance with modern requirements and changing regulatory and legislative framework.

According to modern educational standards, its applied orientation becomes an integral part of learning. In this regard, the requirements for educational institutions to integrate training and production are increasing. Practical training of students is a form of organizing educational activities during the development of an educational program in the conditions of students performing certain types of work related to future professional activities and aimed at the formation, consolidation, development of practical skills and competencies in the appropriate profile. Taking into account the above, the goal was set to determine the most effective form of organizing field practical training in the specialty 36.05.01 Veterinary Medicine based on the experience of their conduct at the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. This work is based on statistical data on the conduct of field practical classes for students of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education in the period from 2022 to 2024 on the basis of Concern Detskoselsky. To assess the effectiveness of the organization of field classes, a comparative analysis method was used, as well as a questionnaire survey of students upon their graduation. in the production process, after the planned disciplines, it is advisable to conduct a tour of the enterprise with the direct participation of its employees.

An important component of ensuring the country's food security is the intensive development of animal husbandry, which is impossible without maintaining a high level of reproductive ability of animals. The reproductive function of animals is influenced by a variety of factors, among which a significant place belongs to diseases of the genital organs of various etiologies, which include genital mycoplasmosis of cattle. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of genital mycoplasmosis on the main metabolic parameters of cows. For its implementation, a group of cows with genital mycoplasmosis was formed, controlled by clinically healthy cows. In both groups of cows, the serum levels of total protein and its fractions, urea, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, bilirubin, AsAT and AlAT were determined. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that with genital mycoplasmosis in cows, there is a violation of protein metabolism, characterized by an increase in protein content due to its globulin fraction, moderate toxic damage to the liver is noted, while there are no changes in carbohydrate, fat metabolism and filtration capacity of the kidneys.

In connection with the growing resistance of infectious agents to antibacterial drugs included in the scheme of therapeutic measures of livestock complexes and the lack of new antibiotic options, phagotherapy is attracting more and more attention. Infectious diseases associated with «ESKAPE» (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) are a global problem. Detection of phages to these pathogens is the most important step in the development of phage therapy for its introduction into the complex of anti-epizootic measures. Wastewater contains a highly diverse population of bacteria and associated bacteriophages and is therefore an attractive source of bacteriophages against bacterial pathogens associated with infectious diseases of cattle. Since wastewater is a highly contaminated material, its sample preparation represents an important step in the isolation of bacteriophages. This work presents an efficient protocol for the preparation of wastewater for the isolation of phages specific to Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with bovine bronchopneumonia. The material (n=25) was subjected to multiple filtrations using membrane filters with pore diameters of 0.45 µm and 0.22 µm and further using the accumulation method.

The paper discusses materials on some little-covered elements of science and practice related to enzootic bovine leukosis. In particular, the infectious cycle, kinetics of malignant lymphocyte proliferation, hemocontact transmission of  infection and impossibility of intrauterine infection, contagiousness, proviral  load and its significance in epizootology, adaptive immunity, and danger to humans are considered. 

The main risk factor for epizootological problems with anthrax are the numerous anthrax cattle burial grounds available in all regions of the republic, a significant part of which are located in populated areas, on pastures and cattle routes.
The purpose of the research was to assess the biological hazard of some soil anthrax burials located in the East Kazakhstan region.
For the survey, areas and settlements were selected in which anthrax burial grounds located on the territory and/or in the immediate vicinity of villages interfere with their future development and require a solution to the issue of reducing sanitary protection zones. A total of 9 anthrax foci located in 3 districts of the East Kazakhstan region were examined.
The conducted epizootological survey showed that in the Katon-Karagai, Zaisan and Kurchum districts of the East Kazakhstan region, soil anthrax foci differ in the degree of veterinary and sanitary equipment, and have different levels of biological hazard.

Currently, rabies is registered in more than 160 countries around the world, which kills about 60 thousand people annually who had contact with both wild and domestic animals [1]. Rabies poses a huge threat, and according to WHO estimates, for the population environmental damage; among infectious diseases, rabies ranks 5th [2]. It is estimated that more than 70,000 people worldwide die from this disease every year and millions require post-exposure treatment [3]. Today, the only way to prevent the disease and subsequent death is the timely administration of an anti-rabies vaccine to the bitten person [4]. The ongoing training exercises are a necessary component when checking the anti-epizootic action plan, and are aimed at identifying and eliminating shortcomings, as well as making adjustments to improve the implementation of the epizootic examination [5]

This article presents the results of a scientific and practical experiment on the use of Magestrofan for oestrus synchronization in cows, both independently and in combination with biogenic preparations of plant and animal origin, developed using previously patented technologies. The findings indicate that the first experimental group, where cows received Magestrofan along with injections of a biogenic plant-based preparation at a dose of 25.0 ml, showed a pregnancy rate reaching 75.0%, with an insemination index of 1.33. In the second experimental group, where Magestrofan was combined with a biogenic preparation derived from secondcategory by-products, the pregnancy rate was 69.2%, with an insemination index of 1.44. In the control group, where only Magestrofan was used, the pregnancy rate was 52.6%, and the insemination index was 1.90. The most effective oestrus synchronization protocol in the experimental groups was two Magestrofan injections, administered 10 days apart, in combination with the plant-based biogenic preparation, which led to an 8.4% increase in pregnancy rate and a 7.6% reduction in the insemination index. The economic efficiency of using biogenic preparations of plant and animal origin in oestrus synchronization protocols with Magestrofan averaged 9.64 roubles per 1 rouble of expenses across the experimental groups.

The article presents the results of a study of the influence of the age of the 1st insemination of holstinized heifers on the milk productivity and productive longevity of cows. In general, over the past 13 years, a pronounced tendency has been observed in the studied herd to reduce the age of the 1st insemination by 3.5 months. Studies showed that the average age of abandonment of animals is positively associated with the age of the 1st insemination, i.e. the higher the average age of the 1st insemination of heifers, the higher the average age of abandonment (IOS) of cows, i.e. higher productive longevity of animals. Live weight and average daily growth of heifers inseminated at the age of 12 months. were noticeably higher than others. Analysis of the milk productivity of first-calf cows showed that among animals of all groups, in general, animals inseminated in 14 and 15 months turned out to be somewhat more productive. Studies have established that there is a negative relationship between the age of the 1st insemination and the age of manifestation of maximum milk yield of cows: the earlier the heifer is inseminated, the later it shows maximum productivity. At the optimal age of the 1st insemination, a cow can lactate in a herd of at least 3 lactation. Reducing the age of the 1st insemination leads to a reduction in productive longevity. In order to increase productive longevity in the conditions of this farm, it is not recommended to inseminate heifers earlier than 14 months.

Sperm of breeding bulls with outstanding genetic characteristics is a valuable resource used mainly for artificial insemination of cows and improvement of offspring. The effectiveness of this technology is determined by the efficiency of sperm cryopreservation. The aim of this work is to analyze the effectiveness of various protocols for cryopreservation of bull sperm. It has been established that for fruitful insemination of cows, the presence of about 6 x 106 motile spermatozoa in a sperm dose (straw) after thawing is necessary. To obtain this result, it is necessary to carry out preliminary sample preparation, which includes centrifugation with subsequent removal of seminal plasma, dilution, cooling, and compliance with the deep freezing protocol (-196 ° C). Sugars, cholesterol-cyclodextrin, antioxidants included in the diluents have a positive effect on the effectiveness of cryopreservation protocols. One of the common technologies is the technology using an automatic mode, which includes cooling samples at a temperature of +4°C to -10°C at -3°C/min and from -10°C to -80°C at -40°C/min. Then, at a temperature of -80°C, the straws with sperm are immersed in liquid nitrogen. The optimal thawing technology is 35°C for 30 seconds.

The relevance of this study in the context of veterinary medicine, especially in the examination of dogs, is due to the increase in cases of inflammatory bowel diseases in pets. Colitis in dogs is a common problem that can lead to a significant deterioration in the quality of life of pets and requires timely diagnosis and treatment.
In recent years, the population of domestic dogs in St. Petersburg has grown significantly [1], which has increased the need for knowledge of the diagnosis of the disease and the ability to decipher blood tests, in particular, to be able to distinguish pathological deviations in indicators characteristic of colitis, or deviations in indicators indicating other possible diseases with a similar clinical picture., from normal reference values.
According to literature sources, veterinary practice faces difficulties in diagnosing colitis in dogs, since clinical signs may be non-specific or overlap with manifestations of other diseases. [6] Biochemical and clinical blood tests provide an opportunity to identify markers of inflammation, which can significantly facilitate the diagnostic process. The use of these markers allows practicing veterinarians to more accurately assess the patient's condition, determine the need for further research, such as endoscopy and biopsy, and formulate a strategy for further treatment.
The treatment strategy requires individualizing the assessment of diagnostic parameters, including the identification of inflammatory markers in the blood, for each individual, since blood counts can also vary depending on the age, gender and breed of the animal. The work of Kudinov A.V. "Substantiation of an integrated approach in the diagnosis of colitis in dogs" [3] is devoted to the need to identify markers.
This article presents the results of a study that reflect the content of inflammatory markers in the blood of dogs with colitis and in the blood of individuals with clinically confirmed absence of colitis in comparison. The article also discusses the need to identify markers of inflammation.

Avian eimeriosis is a widespread disease caused by various types of coccidia, to which almost all young poultry are susceptible. The disease is characterized by damage to the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, impaired parietal digestion and, as a result, a decrease in the absorption of nutrients from the feed. Aimeriosis is a significant problem in poultry farms, as it can cause massive losses among livestock and significantly reduce the productivity of birds. The main means of preventing and treating coccidiosis in broilers are coccidiostatics, but scientists note that with prolonged courses of treatment, coccidia adapt to the negative factors of chemoprophylaxis and acquire resistance to coccidiostatics, which leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of this treatment.
Today, the issue of the need to use biologically active substances of plant origin, known as phytobiotics, as a preventive measure for avian eimeriosis is becoming increasingly relevant. The attention of many researchers is attracted by plants of the genus Thymus, whose representatives are sources of medicinal raw materials of natural origin, which have a fairly wide range of effects. Thyme-based phytobiotics can become an alternative to coccidiostatics due to their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties. The use of thyme extract, in addition to its antiparasitic effect, helps to increase the productivity of poultry: it improves physiological parameters, normalizes metabolism and increases feed conversion rate.

The drug «Prasicide-complex» belongs to the combined antiparasitic drugs with a wide spectrum of action.
The study of subchronic toxicity of the drug allows us to assess the safety of its use in animals. Monitoring the blood parameters of laboratory animals, namely the study of hematological and biochemical values, is one of the most important means of assessing the health of rats.
The purpose of our research was to study the blood parameters of laboratory rats when studying the subchronic toxicity of the drug «Prasicide-complex». Subchronic toxicity was studied on white Wistar laboratory rats (n = 32) of both sexes weighing 210 - 230 g. For the study, the animals were divided into 3 experimental and 1 control group, each group included 4 males and 4 females, selected according to the principle of analogues.
Animals of the first group received the drug cutaneously at a dose of 1/5 of the LD50 (100 mg/kg) daily for 21 days. The second group received the drug at a dose of 1/10 of the LD50 (50 mg/kg). The third group received a three-time therapeutic dose (750 mg/kg). The fourth group was the control (intact) [2].
Based on the data obtained during toxicological experiments, it can be concluded that the use of the drug «Prasicide-complex» in dosages of 1/5 of LD50 (100 mg/kg), 1/10 of LD50 (50 mg/kg), as well as in a triple therapeutic dose (750 mg/kg), with long-term (21 days) cutaneous exposure does not provoke the development of toxic effects in experimental subjects rats.
The results of the analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood of experimental animals indicate that the use of the studied drug «Prasicide-complex» in the indicated dosages does not cause significant deviations, which indicates the absence of a negative effect on the functions of the liver and kidneysand on the hematopoietic system.

Respiratory diseases of pigs cause great economic damage all over the world. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is actively involved in the development of respiratory diseases in pigs. It is quite difficult to isolate an animal from a pathogen, especially since the mechanism of the disease is very complex and not fully understood [4]. The clinical signs of the disease are more pronounced around the age of 18-20 weeks, which are characterized by a dry cough, sneezing, and developmental delay [5].
Improving management, maintenance and biosecurity practices allows us to control this infection. But even the most careful control cannot protect the pig population from respiratory diseases [2].
The use of antimicrobial drugs active against M. hyopneumoniae is an integral part of the occurrence of the disease.
The purpose of our tests was to determine the effectiveness of the drug Brulamycin-AVZ in porcine mycoplasma pneumonia. The experiment was conducted on 75 large white breed pigs. Animals of 19 weeks of age, with a live body weight of ± 45 kg. Two groups of pigs with obvious clinical signs of the disease were formed.
There were 25 animals in each group. The first group was experimental (sick animals), the second served as a control (sick animals) and the third control group (intact animals). Experimental group (sick animals) Tulamycin-AVZ was administered at a dose of 100 mg/ml once intramuscularly in the neck area at the rate of 1 ml per 40 kg of body weight (2.5 mg of tulatromycin per 1 kg of body weight). The second group (sick animals) and the third (intact animals) acted as controls and did not receive the drug.
Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the use of Tulamycin-AVZ once intramuscularly in the neck area at a dose of 1 ml per 40 kg of animal body weight gave a positive result in the dynamics of mycoplasma pneumonia. All the animals that received the drug recovered. There were no clinical signs of the disease. The DNA of Mycoplasma microorganisms was not detected in the studied samples of nasopharyngeal flushes, and no enterococcal culture was isolated.

The results of meat productivity and conversion of nutrients and feed energy in bulls of the Schwyz, Simmental, Aberdeen Angus, Kazakh white-headed and Belgian blue breeds when aged from 8 to 17 months are presented. During this period, they consumed an average of 3235 kg of dry matter, 261.5 kg of protein and 25722 MJ of metabolic energy from the feed from self-feeders and had an average daily increase of 1328-1565 g with an advantage of 145-237 g per day in favor of the Belgians (P>99). In terms of pre-slaughter live weight of 658 kg, they exceeded their peers by 66-101 kg, in terms of carcass weight by 98-130 kg and in terms of pulp content by 90-116 kg, but in terms of raw fat weight, they were inferior by 8.7-10.6 kg. The first place in terms of weight and yield of internal and fat carcasses, and the second in terms of bone, cartilage and tendons (17.9%) and slaughter yield (61.86%) is occupied by Aberdeen Angus bulls. Belgian animals showed the highest transformation of dry matter, protein, and MJ of feed exchange energy per 1 kg of absolute gain, pre-slaughter live weight, and carcass pulp. Gobies of the Shvitskaya and Kazakh white-headed breeds transformed the dry parts of the feed into pre-slaughter live weight by 6.2-17.9%, and into the fleshy parts of the carcass by 10.2-46.6% lower than their peers of the breeding groups. They also showed a similar pattern in the transformation of protein and metabolic energy of the feed into an absolute increase (5.8-18.0%) and carcass weight (10.5-42.4%). An intermediate position in these indicators is occupied by Aberdeen-Angus peers, whose conversion rate of dry matter per 1 kg of carcass pulp was 11.83 kg, which is 32.9% more than that of Belgian and 10.5% less than that of Swiss gobies. In terms of protein conversion, Aberdeen Angus bulls outperformed Belgians by 16.4 per 1 kg of pre-slaughter live weight, 32.2 per 1 kg of carcass weight, and 31.9% in carcass pulp. At the same time, they were inferior in these indicators to the Swiss bulls, respectively - by 9.4, 1.4 and 9.5%.

The article presents the results of modeling the calibration dependence of the melamine content in milk on its concentration in it. Currently, laboratory analysis of milk to determine its physico-chemical parameters using infrared spectrometry is regulated by current regulatory documents that do not provide for the determination of melamine using BIC analyzers, which makes it difficult for them to be used at all stages of milk processing to determine this chemical compound added for the purpose of protein adulteration.
The aim of the study was to develop calibration dependencies for the detection of melamine in the milk matrix by near-infrared spectrometry.
The research was conducted in stages at the Educational and Research Center for Food and Animal Feed Expertise of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine in 2024.
A standard melamine sample, milk without melamine, was used as the study materials.
At the first stage, melamine was added to milk samples in different amounts and its concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and at the next stage, the IR spectra of the same milk samples were recorded using an infrared analyzer. At the third stage, a statistical analysis of the recorded IR spectra was performed and a calibration model of melamine in milk was constructed using the partial least squares regression method.
As a result of the conducted research, a calibration model of the dependence of the quantitative content of melamine on its concentration in milk was constructed. In addition, analyzing the calculated criteria for the constructed calibration relationship, we found that it allows us to reliably determine the concentration of melamine in milk.

The paper describes the results of studying the cumulative properties of an aqueous solution of a chelated complex of trace elements for intramuscular administration. Two groups of animals were formed: the first group was injected intramuscularly with water for injection, and the animals of the second experimental group were given an aqueous solution of a chelated complex of trace elements containing iron, manganese, copper, selenium, and iodine. The dose was calculated based on the dose established in the previous series of experiments, in the first four days of the experiment, the dose of the administered drug was 0.1 of LD50 (90.7± 0.63 mg/kg). Then, according to the recommendations for the degree of accumulation, the dose was increased 1.5 times every four days. The animals were monitored daily, during which clinical manifestations were noted, survival was assessed, as well as the results of a macroscopic visual examination of changes in internal organs.

Elk (Alces) is the main representative of the deer family. The real habitat is quite wide and extends to the Eurasian and North American continents. Given the poorly studied nature of the types of hematological trends and unspecified reference intervals, the study and replenishment of the information base is relevant. The data obtained allow us to improve our understanding of the background losses of the human body and optimize approaches to preserving this species as native specimens of our planet.
The article presents the results of a hematological study of the peripheral blood of elks (Alces Alces Alces). They define a general clinical, integral and morphological assessment of the blood, which reflects the adaptive state of the body to the multifactorial influence of the environment in a metropolis. To collect blood, the elks were subjected to pharmacological immobilization.
The study revealed the following morphometric and integral parameters: absolute red blood cell count - 7.6 x 1012/l and sedimentation rate - 34.5 mm/hour, platelets - 450.3 x 109/l, hemoglobin - 12.5 g/dl, hematocrit - 33.6%; color index - 0.5 U, average volume of red blood cell - 47.8 fl, middle half - 34.3 g/dl and average content - 16.5 pg of hemoglobin in red blood cell. Minor anisocytosis up to 71%/RBC, moderate poikilocytosis up to 50%/RBC and anisochromia in 71.44%/RBC were noted. Microcytic hypochromic anemic syndrome. The total number of leukocytes is on average 4.4 x109 /l. When determining neutrophils - 2.14, absolute monocytes - 0.8, eosinophils - 0.13 and lymphocytes - 0.72×109 /l. The tension of adaptive and sanogenetic reserves of the body, the autoimmune nature of endogenous intoxication of moderate degree were established (Krebs Index (IK - 1.69; IS - 1.78; LII (r, m) - 1.21; RON - 0.7; ILG - 6). ,16; Garkali Index (LI) - 0.75; ISLM - 1.68; 27.06).
Hematological parameters and integral indices, including intoxication, have diagnostic innovation in the conditions of adaptive and sanogenetic conditions of the moose (Alces Alces) body and allow early assessment and diagnosis of the development of the inflammatory process.

The use of disinfectants, including those based on quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), for treating livestock buildings, especially in the presence of animals and birds, may adversely affect biological structures. The aim of our research was to determine the effect of disinfectants containing QACs on the microstructure of the liver, spleen, kidneys and small intestine of laboratory animals. The objects of the research were Wistar rats weighing 350 to 400 grams, which were divided into four groups of 12 animals according to the pairanalogue principle. The animals were administered orally 0.2% solutions of the following disinfectants in working dilutions: Group 1 - KEMICID PLUS; Group 2 - K-DEZ AIR; Group 3 - KEMISEPT and Group 4 served as a control. On the 14th day, animals were slaughtered in accordance with GOST 33216-2014 and the Requirements for Handling Laboratory Animals (2007). Histological preparations were made using the generally accepted method. The study of liver micropreparations of animals in the experimental groups showed no changes in the parenchyma and stroma cells. Active processes of physiological regeneration of the organ parenchyma were observed in animals in all experimental groups. In the spleen, in the white pulp, reproduction centers without significant proliferative activity are observed, and, in most cases, the mantle and marginal zones are well differentiated. In the renal cortex, slight perivascular edema and cellular infiltration with lymphocytes are observed in the area of the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. The results of studies of histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed that the use of disinfectants based on substances of the quaternary ammonium compound group does not have a significant effect on the microstructure of the internal organs of rats, which indirectly proves the absence of a cytotoxic effect on the organs and systems studied.

Urolithiasis is a polyetiological disease characterized by the presence and impact of urolithiasis or a large number of crystals on the urinary tract. This pathology occupies one of the leading places in the structure of urological diseases and pathologies of non-infectious etiology in general in veterinary practice, including in cats. The main principle of treating urolithiasis in cats is the removal or dissolution of crystals. There are developed methods for dissolving sand and stones of struvite origin in cats. Special diets are usually used by doctors to reduce the concentration of mineral components of struvite. Today, the veterinary diet market in Russia offers diets from various Russian manufacturers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of the dry form of the veterinary diet "AJO VET DIETA STRUVITE" of the LIMKORM group of companies in cats diagnosed with struvite urolithiasis on hematological blood parameters. The study was conducted on 10 mongrel cats with a confirmed diagnosis of struvite urolithiasis. The cats of the experimental group were fed for 1 month with the dry form of the veterinary diet "AJO VET DIETA STRUVITE" of the LIMKORM group of companies in the dosage according to the instructions. Additional drug treatment of the animals was not carried out. Blood samples from these animals for biochemical and morphological examination were taken 3 times: before the start of feeding, 14 days after the start of feeding, 1 month after the start of feeding. The main biochemical and morphological parameters of the blood were determined in the selected samples. When assessing the hematological status of a cat diagnosed with struvite urolithiasis, it was found that cats do not have reliable changes in the main biochemical parameters of the blood characterizing protein, nitrogen and mineral metabolism, however, morphological parameters change significantly: thus, the hemoglobin concentration is at the upper limit of the reference values; the color index of blood is increased, erythrocyte indices are overestimated, which indicates a high degree of blood thickening caused by dehydration, signs of an inflammatory process are also observed, as indicated by an increase in the total number of leukocytes, the number of segmented neutrophils and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes. Feeding the experimental animals with the veterinary diet AJO VET DIETA STRUVITE of the LIMKORM group of companies for a month was not accompanied by reliable changes in the main biochemical parameters of the blood, characterizing protein, nitrogen and mineral metabolism, but led to a change in morphological parameters, so a decrease in blood thickening is observed, which indicates an insignificant decrease in the degree of dehydration. Thus, feeding the experimental animals with the veterinary diet AJO VET DIETA STRUVITE of the LIMKORM group of companies even for one month is characterized by tendencies to normalize the morphological parameters of the blood in the animals under study.

Biochemical blood analysis includes various parameters that reflect some of the performance of various organs and systems of the animal organism. All highly sensitive serum biochemical tests are carried out to detect general metabolic disorders and the work of certain organs and tissues. Reference biochemical parameters in goats depend on sex, age, other features (housing system, feed quality, lactation level, suyagnostic period, treatment, etc.). Of course, a decrease or increase in the level of biochemical parameters in animals can be observed with age, against the background of chronic diseases, but most often this phenomenon is physiological in nature. The blood system is a system of constant cellular renewal, supporting a certain number of functional cells, so timely clinical and biochemical blood analysis allows a more complete assessment of possible risks of pathological processes (cell death, changes in tissue properties, etc.) in various types of chemical effects and diseases.

Nowadays there is a demand in the dairy cattle industry for faster production of healthy, viable offspring and high-quality livestock products. To achieve these objectives, it is necessary to control the hygienic conditions and feeding of productive animals. In the modern world, a large number of different ways to achieve the above goals are being developed and studied, and one of them is the use of various feed additives aimed at balancing animal rations, replenishing missing nutrients in different production periods. Nutrition is one of the key factors that allows an animal to produce high-quality products. For this reason, the search for feed additives that meet the requirements of livestock farms is a pressing issue.

This article is devoted to the study of pituitary tumors in rats. Pituitary tumors are becoming increasingly important in veterinary medicine. The growing popularity of rodents as pets and the changing approach of owners to their treatment open up opportunities for veterinarians to study this issue, develop new methods for detecting and treating this disease.
The object of the study was 39 rats, spontaneously admitted to the clinic for diagnosis and treatment. The animals were examined and physically examined. In order to assess the structures of the brain, all rats underwent instrumental studies: computed tomography on a Philips MX 16-Slice device with intravenous contrast - Unigeksol 350 mg, ultrasound examination was performed on a Mindray Consona N6 device.
It was found that the studied animals had a proprioceptive deficit against the background of tumor growth in the brain. The most common type of tumor in rats is prolactinoma. Carcinogenic etiology and the presence of concomitant factors and the anatomical location of the tumor complicate the task of diagnosing and treating pituitary tumors, as a result of which the prognosis for pituitary tumors in rats ranges from cautious to unfavorable.
When examining an animal, it is necessary to comprehensively take into account the data of the clinical examination and additional diagnostics - CT and / or ultrasound. The advantage of ultrasound is the ability to perform without sedation, but this method is less informative than CT with contrast.
The average age of diagnosis of pituitary tumors is 2 years. Females get sick more often than males. The most common concomitant diseases are pneumonia, rhinitis, and mammary gland tumors. The tumor size varied significantly and did not depend on gender, averaging from 2 to 8 mm in diameter.
At this stage of treatment of pituitary pathology, a number of supportive drugs were used: cabergoline, prednisolone, mannitol. The average life expectancy with the use of drugs is 5 months.

Changes in the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid can lead to the development of diseases of the nervous system. To understand their pathogenesis, clear data on the morphology of vascular bodies, especially their epithelial lining, is needed. Considering these circumstances, the aim of the study was to determine the peculiarity of the ultrathin organization of epitheliocytes of the vascular bodies of the lateral ventricles of the brain. For the study, fragments of vascular plexus tissues from three adult Bos taurus specimens were used, which were selected during routine slaughter. The processing of the selected samples for the production of ultrathin sections was carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methodology. The sections were contrasted in 2.0% aqueous solution of uranyl acetic acid and lead citric acid. The study of the obtained sections in order to determine the features of the ultrathin structure of vascular epitheliocytes was carried out using a Jem – 1011 electron microscope. When specifying the terms, we were guided by the International Histological Nomenclature. It has been established that epithelial cells of vascular bodies have morphological features characteristic of synthesizing cells. These include the presence of a light nuclear matrix, indicating a high level of synthetic activity, as well as the presence of structures that enlarge the membrane surface, represented by its protrusions in the form of apical microvilli and invaginations forming a basal labyrinth.

Morphological changes in red blood cells are the primary indicators of the effects of various origins. During photodynamic therapy (PDT), the microstructures of pathological tissues and their vascular (microcirculatory) bed are damaged and disrupted, while the main visible changes appear directly at the site of irradiation, and reliable data on the transformation of red blood cells in animals have not been previously described. The photosensitizer "Bacteriochlorin" is a modern and effective compound for PDT due to its optical properties and activation at a wavelength of 750 hm. Currently, there is also insufficient data on the effect of photosensitizers from the bacteriochlorin group on the structural and functional state of the surface of red blood cells and other specific toxic changes occurring with blood cells. This study showed that photodynamic therapy using bacteriochlorin has the same effect on morphological changes in red blood cells in both dogs and cats. The identified cases of poikilocytosis after PDT were insignificant and cannot be unambiguously associated with this photosensitizer. There was also a moderate decrease in erythrocyte aggregation, which manifested itself in shortening the chains of "coin columns", probably due to the activation of tissue respiration. Along with this, an increase in the number of lymphocytes and monocytes was noted, which indirectly indicates an increase in the activity of cellular immunity. Among all animals, there was a slight decrease in erythrocyte mass (4.5%), hemoglobin (8.5%) and hematocrit (4.9%). There were no allergic reactions in the form of an increase in the number of eosinophils in 6 animals of the experimental group and the 1st control animal, and no other side effects associated with the administration of PS were detected. As a result of the conducted research, it was concluded that photodynamic therapy using the Bacteriochlorin photosensitizer is safe for red blood cells, provided that optimal dosages of the injected substance are observed, time intervals and laser irradiation power are precisely observed.

Feeding cows after launch requires special attention, since during this period there is an intensive growth and development of the fetus, so most of the nutrients entering the cow's body are spent on its development. In addition, there are strong hormonal changes, as preparations for childbirth are underway. Therefore, it is very important that the animal receives the necessary amount of nutrients during this period so that the fetus develops harmoniously, the birth takes place without complications, and the cow's recovery after calving is faster. The Beta-Carotene Complex (KBK) has proven itself well in dairy cattle breeding for lactating cows. Therefore, the aim of the study was to study the effect of the complex additive "KBK" for cattle on the biochemical parameters of cow blood during the transit period.
The research was conducted in the conditions of animal husbandry in the Pskov region. The object for research is cows during the transit period. For the study, 2 groups of animals with 10 heads each were formed. The animals of the experimental group were given the "KBK" supplement in accordance with the draft instructions for use. The feed additive was dissolved in warm water at the rate of 300 ml per 25 liters of water for 15 days before calving. To study the effect of the feed additive, in addition to assessing the clinical condition of the animals, biochemical blood tests were performed 7 days before the start of giving the KBK feed additive, on the 9th day after the start of giving and on the 7th day after calving. As a result of the conducted research, the positive effect of the complex feed additive "KBK" on cows during the transit period has been established. This could be observed both by the clinical condition of the animals of the experimental group and by the results of biochemical blood parameters.

Muscles play an important role in the life of fur-bearing animals, due to the fact that they ensure their survival both in the wild and in conditions with limited mobility and cellular maintenance. However, with cellular maintenance in animal farms, the natural physiological and behavioral needs of sables are sharply limited, which leads to serious changes in their muscular system. Physical inactivity caused by cramped cells, lack of running, jumping, climbing on simulated devices, all this provokes skeletal muscle atrophy, especially affecting the limbs. All these facts indicate a decrease in strength and endurance, as well as impaired coordination of movements. Knowledge of the morphofunctional features of muscles helps in the breeding and breeding of black Pushkin sables, as well as in understanding their behavior and biology. The purpose of the study was to study the morphofunctional features of the shoulder joint muscles of the black Pushkin sable breed with the establishment of morphometric data. Males of the black Pushkin sable breed aged three years and weighing 1250-1300 g were selected as the object of the study. To study morphofunctional features, a set of measures was carried out, including classical research methods: fine anatomical dissection, morphometry, photographing. Thus, the morphofunctional features of the shoulder joint muscles of the black Pushkin sable were studied with the establishment of morphometric data. The study of these characteristics contributes to a deeper understanding of the biology and ecology of this species, as the morphofunctional features of the shoulder joint muscles of the Black Pushkin sable play a key role in its adaptation to the environment, providing the necessary mechanisms for protection and movement.