The article presents an analysis of the current legislation of the Russian Federation, the requirements of which must be observed by enterprises engaged in the disposal and incineration of organic waste, including biological waste.
Taking into account the diverse requirements of the current legislation, enterprises engaged in these activities need to be guided by the requirements of veterinary legislation, environmental and sanitary-hygienic.
It is also worth noting that in the Russian Federation there is practically no or very little infrastructure necessary for the full utilization of organic waste [1].

Disinfection is the basis of the prevention of infectious diseases of animals - a complex of general organizational and economic and specific antiepizootic measures aimed at the destruction of vegetative and spore forms of pathogens common to humans and animals. The previously widely used classical disinfectants today do not meet the stringent requirements that are imposed on disinfectants. One of such requirements includes a wide range of antimicrobial action of the drug, its toxicological safety, good disinfecting ability regardless of the frequency and duration of use of the drug [6].
High adaptation of opportunistic and pathogenic microflora to the active substances of the disinfectant is one of the problems in animal husbandry. One of the sanitary-indicative microorganisms is Escherichia coli, the presence of which in feed, water, on the surfaces of technological equipment and inventory indicates fecal contamination of objects.
The purpose of the work is to test a new composite disinfectant "Dezon Vetklin" against E. coli in the production conditions of a breeding plant in the Leningrad region.
According to the results of laboratory studies of flushes taken from the treated surfaces of the premises, the composite disinfectant "Dezon Vetklin" in a concentration of 0.2% and an exposure of 12 hours showed an antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, which indicates a high-quality preventive disinfection of the premises of the dispensary of the maternity ward of the breeding plant.
To carry out preventive disinfection of livestock premises, it is recommended to use a modern disinfectant "Dezon Vetklin" in the above concentrations and exposures.

Intensive livestock management implies the maximum use of the productive qualities of animals, the realization of their potential is hindered by diseases of various origins, especially those that are accompanied by a long chronic course. Among them, genital mycoplasmosis of cattle attracts special attention. The task of our research was to study the state of protein metabolism in healthy people and patients with genital mycoplasmosis of the blood. Based on the results of the PCR test for Mycoplasma spp., two groups of cows were formed. In both groups of animals, the level of total protein, the absolute and relative content of albumin and globulin fractions, the total amount of immunoglobulins and their relative content in the globulin fraction were determined. It has been established that genital mycoplasmosis in cows is accompanied by the development of dysproteinemia, which is manifested by moderate hyperproteinemia, a relative decrease in albumin content and an absolute and relative increase in the amount of globulins. In addition, in sick animals, a decrease in the amount of immunoglobulins is observed, against the background of a sharp decrease in their relative content in the globulin fraction of the protein.

Flavobacterioses, previously described as myxobacterioses, are currently the main and widespread diseases of trout and salmon in industrial fish farming. They usually occur only when the quality of the aquatic environment or stressful situations deteriorates and are typically secondary bacterioses. Maintaining a good immune-physiological state of fish is the basis for the prevention of diseases. Under these conditions, the entire set of quarantine measures set out in the "Veterinary Rules for the Implementation of Preventive Measures, diagnostic, therapeutic, restrictive and other measures, the establishment and abolition of quarantine and other restrictions, aimed at preventing the spread and elimination of foci of myxobacterioses of salmon and sturgeon fish "and approved in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation No. 644 of 22.09.2021 has no scientific justification, and many of the provisions contained therein are outdated or need to be adjusted.

Outbreaks of anthrax have been officially registered with noticeable constancy in Kazakhstan since 1935 and up to the present. Preservation of the instability of the epizootic situation is facilitated by the presence of permanently unfavorable sites for anthrax and soil foci, the number of which, as previously conducted studies have shown, exceeds more than two thousand.
Taking into account the ongoing processes related to the modernization of the country's economy, the intensification of economic activity, including construction, the development of new lands and the introduction into circulation of old, "abandoned" territories, the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, the definition of the danger of anthrax burials seems very relevant. Therefore, the development of methods for disinfection of soil foci is an urgent problem of biosafety and biosecurity in many countries of the world, including Kazakhstan.
Wells (pits) with a depth of 3.0 m, with different distances between wells, namely: 50 cm, 80 cm and 1.0 m, were prepared for conducting research at experimental sites with a size of 1.0 x1.0 m2. A solution with a vaccine culture of Bacillus anthracis 55-VNIIVViM was pre-poured into all prepared wells, and then after 24 hours it was treated with a «BA-12» disinfectant.
The experiments have shown that complete disinfection of the soil to a depth of 3.0 is achieved by filling wells three times with a disinfectant, the distance between which is no more than 50 cm.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) occurs in 10-15% of cats in the population [5, 7]. Cardiomyopathy is a myocardial disease in which the structure and function of the heart muscle are impaired in the absence of any other condition that could cause the observed deviation [10]. To assess the state of the cardiovascular system, echocardiography, electrocardiography, X-ray examination, as well as, importantly, physical examination are used in veterinary cardiology [1, 4, 5, 10]. Visual diagnostic techniques are the most objective and informative, however, it is the components of the physical examination and the timely response of the owner to deviations in the parameters of the physical examination that allows you to select and evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of heart disease. Counting the number of respiratory movements at rest (during sleep) is one of the important criteria for physical examination available to the cat owner [9]. This indicator allows you to adjust the treatment, as well as predict the possible onset of deterioration. The aim of the presented study was to determine the main prognostic parameters in cats with congestive heart failure caused by HCMP stage C [10]. A group of 4 DSH cats was formed, in which hypertrophic cardiomyopathy stage C was detected (according to ACVIM staging). When assessing the main indicators, it was revealed that unfavorable prognostic signs are the diameter of the left atrium (correlation degree -0.62), the number of respiratory movements at rest - both before and after the start of treatment (correlation degree -0.77 and -0.81, respectively). It should also be noted a moderate positive correlation between the indicator of life expectancy and the fraction of contractility of the left atrium (0.39). However, it should be noted that in order to more accurately determine the diagnostic significance and the possibility of determining forecasts, it is necessary to increase the number of animal samples with an assessment of indicators in dynamics.

The article presents the results of using a drug with a controlled long-term release of a substance in a bolus form, which was administered orally to lactating cows with a predisposition to the development of metabolic disorders - first of all, the development of ketosis. As a result of the work, it was determined that in the experimental group of animals there was an unreliable increase in the concentration of total protein in the blood serum, while it should be noted that the phenomenon of the % ratio of albumin and globulins was impaired in animals of both groups. Also, in the experimental group of cows, the concentration of urea increased by 22%, which indicates the activation of protein metabolism, the cholesterol level in cows of both experimental groups increased. An analysis of the changes in lipids showed that the cholesterol concentration in the control group of cows by the 30th day of the experiment became 15% higher, and in the experimental group of animals - 27.9% higher, while the intergroup difference between them was 12.7%. The levels of triglycerides in animals of both groups were approximately the same and did not have significant differences, although their concentration slightly increased. The data obtained may indicate that under the action of boluses with prolonged release of components, there is a faster activation of metabolic processes in the body of cows in the postpartum period.

Goat breeding is currently becoming an increasingly popular and popular branch of animal husbandry. Goat milk producers are trying to cover the need of residents of megacities for a dietary, hypoallergenic product. There are only two large dairy goat farms in the Leningrad Region, and the rest are small private farms that produce and sell dairy products. One of the most common breeds of dairy goats is Zaanenskaya. The aim of the work was to conduct a clinical blood test of young goats of the Zaanen breed. During the research, it was found that the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes did not exceed the reference values. At the same time, the hemoglobin content in the blood of the studied animals was 50.3% lower than the average physiological indicators. Such a picture may indicate a violation of hemoglobin synthesis, which in turn provokes the development of hypochromic anemia.

The article considers a clinical case of uterine fibroids in an East European Shepherd dog. The owners complained of uncontrolled urination in the animal, which was aggravated over the past three months, as well as an increase in the abdomen, refusal of active physical exertion, shortness of breath when going up and down stairs, and decreased activity. Appetite and thirst are unchanged. The age of the dog is 8.5 years, sex is female, not neutered, sexual cycles are not regular, the last estrus is more than a year ago. Examination of the studied animal showed obesity, shortness of breath, capillary filling rate - 1 second. Palpation - the abdomen is soft, there is discomfort during palpation of the abdominal organs, an attempt to urinate. In the study of blood: RBC - 7.9 * 1012 / l; WBC - 9.21 * 109 / l; HCT - 57.2%; Hb - 198 g/l (hyperchromemia); eosinophilia - 9%, lymphocytopenia - 12%; biochemical study of blood serum: AST - 60 IU / l, ALT - 41 IU / l, total protein - 78 g / l, albumins - 38 g / l, alkaline phosphatase - 50 IU / l, total bilirubin - 1.7 μmol / l, concentrations of calcium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, phosphorus - at the upper limit of the reference values. Urinalysis - biochemical - no deviations, pH - 5.5, sediment microscopy - granular cylinders - single, mucus ++, erythrocytes: 0-2-3 in PM, leukocytes: 1-2-1 in PM, crystals - a small amount , calcium oxalates. Ovariohysterectomy revealed a massive formation on the uterus on the right, densely elastic consistency, grayish-whitish color on the cut. Histological examination (eosin-hematoxylin staining) determined that the formation is benign - leiomyoma.

Hip dysplasia is a multifactorial pathology of development in dogs, most often associated with genetics. This disease is chronic and can lead to severe osteoarthritis, which significantly reduces the quality of life of the animal. Early diagnosis contributes to a significant improvement in the quality of life of the animal. One such method is the method for determining the distraction index (ID). The purpose of the study was to study the anatomical and physiological parameters of the assessment of the hip joints in American Bullies. The object of the study was 11 dogs of the American Bully breed. The studies were carried out under sedation with a preliminary clinical examination of each dog, echocardiography (ECHOCG) and blood sampling for general clinical and biochemical analyzes to confirm clinical health and the absence of contraindications to sedation. The study was carried out using the Sedecal Neovet F X-ray unit in compliance with all X-ray safety standards. The distraction index (ID) was measured using the standard formula: ID = d/r, where d is the distance between the centers of the circumferences of the femoral head and the glenoid cavity of the innominate bone, and r is the radius of the circumference of the femoral head. During the study, the obtained distraction index indicated a high probability of developing hip dysplasia, which was not confirmed by a detailed analysis of the structures of the hip joint, anamnesis (no complaints and cases of lameness), as well as a negative Ortolani test. When conducting X-ray studies in dogs, including at an early age, and measuring the index of distraction of the hip joints, specialists need to take into account the breed peculiarity of American Bullies and higher values of the index, which, according to our study, are a variant of their physiological norm (0,34±0,60 ).

The article is devoted to the assessment of the toxic effects of heavy metals on the body of fish. The aim of the study was to study the integrity of the epithelial layer of the carp intestine after exposure to heavy metals (lead, cadmium, zinc, copper and cobalt). In the experiment, 6 groups of fish (european carp) of 10 individuals were used: control; groups of fish contained in solutions of heavy metals exceeding their MPC in reservoirs by 1000 times: in a solution of lead acetate (6 mg/l); in a solution of cadmium acetate (5 mg/l); in a solution of copper acetate (1 mg/l); in zinc acetate solution (10 mg/l) and in cobalt acetate solution (10 mg/l). The exposure in toxicant solutions was 4 hours. Smears-prints of carp intestines were made and with the help of light microscopy, the sloughed "living" cells were counted. The dominant influence of copper on the strength of the intestinal epithelium of fish in comparison with other metals investigated was noted.

It has been established that antibiotics that reach a high concentration in tissues and blood serum are highly effective, but even at a relatively low concentration, some classes of antimicrobial drugs have a sufficient bactericidal effect, which deserves some attention. In this regard, it was necessary to establish the timing of the removal of ampicillin from the body of the bird during its aerosol use, which makes it possible to determine the time of active action of the drug and assess the possible effectiveness of this treatment regimen in various respiratory diseases.
The material on the study of the distribution of ampicillin in the organs and tissues of 25-30-day-old chickens of egg and meat breeds with its double-edged aerosol administration at the rate of 250 mg per meter cubic inhalation is presented. The material for the study of the pharmacokinetics of the drug was: blood serum, liver, lungs, muscular stomach, skeletal muscle, kidneys. From the organ under study, a hinge (on analytical balances) of 1 gram was taken. Next, a buffer was poured at the rate of 1 g of attachment + 3 ml of buffer. Crushed to a homogeneous state and centrifuged for 15 min at 2000 rpm. The supernatant was used for research. To quantify ampicillin, the microbiological method of diffusion in agar was used. The activity of the tested antimicrobial agent was determined by comparing the zones of inhibition of the growth of microorganisms caused by the known concentrations of the investigational drug and the officially registered state standard sample of the antibiotic. The diameters of the growth retardation zones of microorganisms were determined using a compass and a ruler. Then, according to the derived calibration curve, the content of ampicillin in the organs and tissues of the body of chickens was stated.

Currently, one of the "gold" standards for determining the potential toxicity of drugs is highly informative preventive screening (HCS). This method has become a powerful tool for the evaluation of molecular, cellular and tissue toxicity, especially in the field of predictive toxicology, aimed at predicting unwanted drug-related substances. It is critical for the pharmaceutical industry to identify and subsequently mitigate potential safety risks early in the R&D process and thus reduce toxicity and the safety-related shrinkage of drug development programs. In this article, we review some of the most common used HCS assays for predictive toxicology in the pharmaceutical industry. PubMed, Elsevier Science (Scopus), and Clarivate Analytics (Web of Science) research databases were searched for original research to identify the hallmarks of the HCS methodology. Hepatotoxicity is one of the most common causes of safety and toxicity related downsizing of potential drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as drug withdrawals. Hepatotoxic substances are associated with xenobiotics, drugs, substances of natural origin and chemical agents that constitute an important cause of hepatic action. A single classification based on the mechanisms of toxicity makes it possible to distinguish between intrinsic hepatotoxicity (preliminary and dose-dependent) and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity (invisible, non-mediated immune and metabolic reactions). HCS analyzes are not intended to replace animal testing because they cannot capture the full complexity of an organism. However, they can reduce the amount of animal testing by early detection of hazards and complement animal testing. Through early identification of safety risks and optimization of chemistry series across relevant safety endpoints, HCS assays for predictive toxicology hold the promise of enhancing the successful selection of new drug candidates with satisfactory toxicological properties.

 To conduct the experiment, five groups of broiler chickens of the SGC "Smena" selection were formed at the VNITIP Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the use of a complex of trace elements in the form of L-asparaginates helps to reduce the level of iron, manganese, copper and zinc input into feed from 10% to 20% of the guaranteed norms. At the same time, the zootechnical indicators of broiler cultivation are improving. 

The aim of this work was to study the effectiveness of boluses as a form of feed / medicinal suplementation for dairy cows. The studies were carried out in livestock farms of the Leningrad Region (the first and second stages of the studies were carried out at ZAO PZ "Krasnoozernoe" (n = 25 cows, n = 25 calves), the third stage – ZAO PZ “Pobeda’ (n=15 cows), fourth stage - at the SEC "Polyany" (n = 160 cows). The first stage of the research was to study the effectiveness of the use of vitamin and mineral boluses (Mg, Zn, Cu, Co, Se, I, Vitamin A, D3, E, Holland Animal Care, Holland) of prolonged action (120-180 days) to dairy cows. conducted a biochemical blood test (determination of zinc, copper, iodine and carotene). The task of the second stage of the research was to study the effect of vitamin-mineral feeding of prolonged action of mother cows on protein metabolism of calves. A clinical examination and immunobiological analysis of the blood of calves (the level of total protein, albumin, globulin). The task of the third stage of research was the development and further testing of short-term calcium-containing boluses of pressed and loose forms (bioavailable calcium lactate, lactose) in order to prevent hypocalcemia in cows in the postpartum period. Conducted biochemical analysis of blood (concentration of calcium, phosphorus, total protein and alkaline phosphatase activity). The task of the fourth stage of research was to study the effect of plant-mineral boluses (Mg, Zn, Cu, Co, Se, plant components (calendula, cinnamun, suisque), Techn a France Nutrition S.A.S., France) on the reproductive function of dairy cows during the milking period. An obstetric-gynecological clinical examination of cows was carried out in the new calving period, as well as an analysis of the effectiveness of insemination. The results of the first stage of the research suggest that such a form of a vitamin and mineral supplement of prolonged action as a bolus is an effective way of vitamin and mineral nutrition of cows during dry periods, freshness periods and the period of milk production. The results of the second stage of the research indicate a positive effect of vitamin and mineral supplements of prolonged action in the form of boluses administered to cows 60 days before calving on the health of the resulting offspring. Analysis of the results of the third stage of research suggests that the most effective is the compressed form of calcium-containing boluses. According to the results of the fourth stage of research, it can be concluded that the use of a plant-mineral supplement in the form of a bolus to cows in the postpartum period promotes timely postpartum recovery, which affects the effectiveness of the first insemination.

At the VNITIP Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of an organic mineral supplement on the morphometric parameters of bone and muscle tissue of broiler chickens. For the experiment, according to the principle of analogues, five groups of broiler chickens of the SGC "Smena" selection of 35 heads each were formed. When analyzing the results of the mineral composition of bone tissue and histological studies, it was found that the use of a complex of trace elements in the form of L-asparaginates in the amount of 10%, 12.5% and 20% of the current guarantee norms for the introduction of trace elements, there is an increase in the activity of bone tissue formation and good quality of muscle tissue.

Fungal contamination of feed ingredients is an important entry point for mycotoxins to increase the risk to animals and humans. Mycotoxicoses are an increasing threat to animal and human health with a high potential to cause significant economic losses in the food and feed industry. Contamination of agricultural crops with mycotoxins depends on physical and chemical factors that affect the production and accumulation of mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolite compounds that persist throughout the food chain due to their resistance to a wide range of environmental factors or manufacturing processes. Developing countries and rural areas dependent on local food production are at higher risk of mycotoxin contamination problems due to inadequate or insufficient implementation of food safety and quality control measures. The use of mycotoxin-contaminated feed is often due to an increased demand for less expensive feed ingredients to meet the growing needs of livestock production, including aquaculture. There are a number of efforts to reduce mycotoxins in raw and processed foods, both in pre-harvest stages, which inhibit toxin production in the field, and in post-harvest remediation strategies, reducing the concentration of mycotoxins in commodities.

The purpose of our work was to determine the lactostimulating effect of the feed additive Carbomilk DRY PLUS in cows during the milking period. The research was conducted in one of the livestock farms in the North-Western region of Russia. Cows after calving were given an individually suggested feed additive for the study. To control metabolic processes, biochemical studies of blood serum were carried out, with the determination of indicators characterizing the functions of the liver, kidneys, pancreas and the state of mineral metabolism. As a result of the research, it was found that the studied feed additive positively affects protein and carbohydrate metabolism in cows during the milking period and contributes to an increase in milk productivity with an increase in milk fat content.

 Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) is listed in the Red Book. There are many assumptions about her disappearance. The European oyster is found in marine fouling of reinforced concrete piers. Oysters on stilts were located from the water's edge and a meter deep, there were practically no lower ones. Depth 2.5 – 3.5 m . Ostrea edulis L. is endangered, so it is necessary to  conduct additional research on the diseases of these mollusks to establish  the causes of degradation of natural populations of the European. It is  necessary to take measures to restore the population of the European oyster,  such as breeding oysters that are not susceptible to diseases. 

According to the approved Strategy for Improving the Quality of Food Products in the Russian Federation until 2030 (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 29, 2016 No. 1364-r), the priority areas of the government in the livestock sector are the creation of incentive mechanisms for manufacturers to produce food products that meet quality and principles of healthy nutrition, as well as the creation of conditions for the production of new generation food products with specified quality characteristics. Under high conditions of intensification, the load on the animal organism increases, while the task of veterinarians remains not only treatment, but also the prevention of pathological processes.
The study of pathological processes in the rumen, the possible choice of components in the treatment and prevention of dysfunctions, will provide an opportunity to ensure full health, and therefore maintain the productivity of animals at high rates. Great importance is also given to the components themselves, which must be not only effective and safe. At the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SPbGUVM evaluated several nutritional strategies to improve rumen fermentation, especially to reduce methane production. These strategies aim to improve animal performance and feed efficiency through the use of high quality feed and artificial rumen models.

Pathologies of the cardiovascular system are a serious disease in diseases of small ruminants. The study of the anatomical and topographic coverage of the blood supply to the heart in various species and breeds allows expanding the field of knowledge in humane and veterinary cardiac surgery. The purpose of our study is to establish the features of anatomical and topographic disorders of the course and branching of the coronary vessels of the heart of sheep of the еdilbaevskaya breed, as well as to give them a morphometric characteristic.
Sheep of the еdilbaevskaya breed at the age of twelve months, obtained during slaughter from the farm "Slaughterhouse" of the Leningrad Region of the Russian Federation and delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the SPbGUVM, were used as cadaver material. As a technique for studying vasoradiography and manufacturing corrosion preparations using non-shrinking plastics of bulk acrylic series. According to the results of the study, it was found that the sheep of the еdilbaev breed have a left-coronal type of blood supply to the heart. Diseases of the heart and branches of the left and right coronary arteries of the heart were determined, and their morphometric characteristics were given.

 It is known that UV rays modify cell membranes, promote the accumulation of radical products under conditions of a tense antioxidant system of the body, and can cause “oxidative stress” that manifests itself at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels [5]. The article discusses the biological effect of short-wave UV radiation, which can actively affect tissue proteins and also cause hemolysis [2]. Under experimental conditions, the influence of sources of ultraviolet radiation on hematological parameters, as well as on the resistance of the body of rats to physical stress, was established. 

 The article presents the results of studies of biochemical parameters of blood serum of dogs during ovariohysterectomy and electrocoagulation of egg ducts. A smaller number of metabolic changes were found in animals of the experimental group during electrocoagulation of the egg ducts compared with dogs of the control group who had their ovaries and uterus removed. 

The anatomical norm of testes location for Cape hyraxes is in the retroperitoneal space. It seems interesting to describe the testes of this animal from the point of view of ultrasound diagnostics. According to research, the testes were well visualized and determined caudoventral to the kidneys (the left testis was at the level of 4-5 lumbar vertebrae, the right one was at the level of 5-6 lumbar vertebrae), were symmetrical relative to each other, oval in shape, with even contours, clear boundaries, hypoechoic (comparable in echogenicity to the liver parenchyma of this animal), with homogeneous echostructure, with an artifact of the side shadow (indicates the presence of a capsule) and distal damping (indirectly indicates the density of the tissue), no typical formations were visualized. The trabecula was hyperechoic and the caudal appendage was heterogeneous in its echostructure. The ultrasound picture of the testis of the Cape hyrax does not differ from that of other animal species such as dogs. An exception is the topographic position of the testes. Thus, the study can be guided by standard atlases for the description of ultrasound of small animals.

The purpose of the study is to study the structural features of the kidneys and the sources of their vascularization in poultry. To study the structures of the kidneys, the method of conventional and fine dissection was used. In the manufacture of angiosteotopic preparations of the arterial system, self-hardening plastic of the acrylic series "Belakryl" was used. The objects of the study were the carcasses of chicken cross Hisex white, Peking duck and Italian goose at 160 days of age, in the amount of 9 pieces. Peking duck and Italian goose have cranial, middle, and caudal lobes in their kidneys, with the exception of chicken, which has an additional lobe. The relative mass of kidneys to body weight is 0.52% for chicken, 0.36% for Peking duck and 0.29% for Italian goose. The length of the kidneys from the length of the pelvis is 61.7% in the chicken, which is associated with a short trapezoid shape of the pelvic bone, in the Peking duck - 55.8% and in the Italian goose - 58.5%, which have long pelvic bones with their adaptation to the water image life. The kidneys maintain a constant osmotic pressure, chemical composition and active reaction of the blood by excreting excess salts and acidic products. The kidney parenchyma of the studied bird species consists of interstitial tissue, in which there are afferent renal arteries that produce urine and efferent ones that participate in the trophic function. The physiological functioning of the kidneys is associated with the work of the arterial system, which is involved in the excretory function. Arterial blood enters the kidneys through the cranial, middle, and caudal renal arteries. Within the kidney, the arteries branch into intralobular arteries. From which afferent arterioles depart, bringing blood to the vascular glomerulus. Efferent arterioles leave the vascular glomerulus, pass into the capillary and connect with the venous capillaries of the portal system of the kidneys.

Ferroptosis is a relatively recently discovered type of cell death that differs from traditional apoptosis and necrosis and is the result of the accumulation of lipid peroxides directly dependent on iron ions. Ferroptotic cell death is characterized by cytological changes, including a decrease in cell volume and an increase in the density of mitochondrial membranes. The pathological process can proceed in two main ways: external, or dependent on the transporter, and internal, or regulated by enzymes. Ferroptosis is caused by a redox imbalance between the production of oxidants and antioxidants, which is due to the abnormal expression and activity of multiple redox enzymes that produce or detoxify free radicals and lipid oxidation products.
The main goal of this study is to analyze the main difference between ferroptosis and other forms of cell death, as well as to experimentally induce ferroptosis of hepatocytes in laboratory animals.
PubMed, Elsevier Science (Scopus), and Clarivate Analytics (Web of Science) scientific databases were searched for original research to determine the distinguishing features of ferroptosis from other types of cell death. Experimental induction of ferroptosis of hepatocytes was performed in the vivarium of the FGBOU VO "SPbGUVM". With the deepening of research, ferroptosis has been found in the pathophysiological processes of an increasing number of diseases. In addition, ferroptosis, as an independent mode of cell death, may also play a role in diseases along with other types of cell death, enabling co-application of existing treatment regimens and helping to address drug resistance issues in some diseases. Of great theoretical and practical value is the study of the mechanism of ferroptosis and its role in various diseases, as well as the proposal of effective schemes for its modeling for further study.

In recent years, automatic hematological analyzers have been introduced into veterinary practice for clinical blood analysis. In this regard, a number of reports have appeared in the literature reflecting the morphological parameters of elk blood obtained on automatic hemoanalyzers for veterinary and medical purposes. However, it should be noted that most of the veterinary equipment is programmed to conduct research on agricultural, small domestic, less often exotic animals, not the mooses. In addition, the semicytometric (impedancemetric) method of cell counting, which is the basis for the work of hemoanalyzers, unlike the classical (visual) method, allows to differentiate only three or five subpopulations of leukocytes. In this regard, the purpose of the research was to study the morphological parameters of blood using automatic analyzers in a comparative aspect with the visual method. In the first series of experiments on 17 moose calves of 1.5–2 months, a comparative assessment of hematological parameters was carried out by the microscopic method and on automatic analyzers (differentiating leukocytes into three subpopulations) for veterinary purposes RT-7600 (in the profiles "cow", "goat") and for medical purposes BC-3000 Plus. It has been found that the use of this equipment in the "cow" and "human" profiles makes it possible to evaluate the parameters of erythrocytes and platelets in moose. However, all indicators (except for hemoglobin) have significant discrepancies. Statistically significant discrepancies between the automatic determination and the visual method of leukocyte subpopulations were also found in four out of seven cases using the RT-7600 hemoanalyzer ("cow" profile) and in five out of seven cases using the BC-3000Plus hemoanalyzer. In the second series, seven adult animals were used to compare blood parameters obtained by the classical method and automatic – the Vet Scan HM5 hemoanalyzer in the profiles "cow", "sheep", "goat" (differentiating leukocytes into five subpopulations). It was revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the characteristics of all parameters of erythrocytes in the profiles "cow", "sheep", except for the average content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes (pg). The "goat" profile did not allow us to evaluate the platelet parameters, while the erythrocyte parameters were close to the previous profiles. Determination of leukocytes and their subpopulations is possible only by a visual method and automated in the "cow" profile. In this regard, automatic hematology analyzers can be used to a certain extent in mass screening for red blood, and to a lesser extent – for white blood.