This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework and law enforcement practices in the area of compensation for harm to health caused to individuals by environmental violations. A number of significant issues are identified, including the lack of legal definitions of the concepts of "environmental violation" and "harm to health from environmental exposure" in current legislation, which creates legal uncertainty when classifying the tort. The civil law mechanism for protection is examined, with a particular emphasis on the application of Article 1079 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which allows for the classification of activities that have a negative impact on nature as a source of increased danger, which entails liability for the tortfeasor without fault. Based on an analysis of resolutions of the Plenums of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and specific court decisions, it is established that the most difficult stage of judicial protection is proving a direct causal relationship between the activities of a specific enterprise and the resulting disease. The lack of a clear procedural framework significantly limits the implementation of the constitutional guarantee provided by Article 42 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Thus, effective protection of the right to health in the face of environmental challenges requires not only an improved regulatory framework but also a reorientation of judicial practice toward prioritizing the protection of human life and health.

This article examines the problem of administrative and legal conflicts arising from the delineation of powers between two federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation: the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) and the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor). Both agencies are responsible for ensuring food safety, yet their competencies overlap in the sphere of livestock product circulation, creating legal uncertainty and increasing the administrative burden on businesses.
The study is based on a comparative analysis of the provisions governing these services, the norms of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, and the technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The author identifies zones of duplication of control functions, particularly in the enforcement of technical regulations on food safety (TR CU 021/2011, TR CU 033/2013, TR CU 034/2013, TR EAEU 040/2016). Special attention is paid to the lack of effective interdepartmental information exchange, which exacerbates the problem: Rospotrebnadzor does not have access to the full chain of raw material origin, while Rosselkhoznadzor lacks data on sanitary compliance.
Key judicial precedents are analyzed, including a case examined by the Appellate Panel of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (Case No. APL23-115), which demonstrates an open conflict of competencies, as well as other cases reflecting the simultaneous involvement of both agencies in disputes over the quality of livestock products.
The author concludes that the root cause of the conflict lies in the absence of a legislative norm fixing the moment when a product passes from veterinary supervision to sanitary-epidemiological control. The proposed solution involves consolidating the "single window" principle for controlled entities and establishing mandatory interdepartmental information exchange.

The article examines the issues of legal regulation of the activities of a border authority aimed at maintaining epizootic welfare at the state border of the Republic of Armenia with the Republic of Türkiye and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory and legal framework for veterinary and sanitary support carried out by the Border Directorate of the Federal Security Service of Russia in the Republic of Armenia. The study applied the method of documentary analysis of international treaties, the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia, as well as departmental regulatory legal acts governing the activities of security agencies in the field of veterinary and sanitary support. It was established that the maintenance of epizootic welfare on the considered sections of the state border is carried out at the intersection of the national legislation of the Republic of Armenia, the veterinary legislation of the Russian Federation, and the provisions of international agreements. It is shown that the legal approaches of the two states to preventing the introduction and spread of contagious animal diseases are largely similar. However, the special provisions directly determining the procedure for actions of the border authority in the border area require further specification. The results obtained indicate the need for further improvement of departmental regulatory and legal regulation of veterinary and sanitary support for border activities.

The article examines regional regulatory legal acts governing relations in the field of veterinary medicine in the subjects of the Russian Federation. It is shown that the legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation forms the organizational, legal, economic and social foundations for the activities of the state veterinary service at the regional level, specifying the provisions of federal legislation with due regard to territorial, economic, natural-climatic and socio-economic characteristics. The article reviews veterinary laws and acts aimed at ensuring epizootic and veterinary-sanitary welfare that are in force in individual regions of the country. It has been established that regional regulation covers the powers of public authorities, the structure of the veterinary service, financing, social support for specialists, production veterinary services, veterinary-sanitary monitoring, animal registration and identification, the organization of anti-epizootic measures and regional state control. It is noted that current legislative changes are related to the digitalization of animal registration, improvement of control activities and the need to adapt federal requirements to the conditions of specific subjects of the Russian Federation. The research results may be used for further development of legal regulation of veterinary activities at the regional level. General conclusions are formulated on the importance of regional acts for maintaining epizootic welfare, service manageability, protection of the population from zoonoses and sustainability of the regional sector.

Mastitis in dairy cattle represents one of the most economically significant challenges facing the global dairy sector, leading to substantial financial losses stemming from decreased milk production, elevated maintenance costs, and the premature removal of affected animals from the herd. As an intra‑mammary infection, mastitis not only compromises animal welfare but also poses considerable public health risks by impairing milk quality and food safety standards. Among the environmental pathogens implicated in this condition, Escherichia coli stands out as a primary causative agent of acute clinical mastitis. Specifically, strains designated as mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) demonstrate enhanced virulence traits that enable survival and proliferation within mammary tissue, despite the host organism’s innate immune defences. However, the precise correlation between individual virulence factors and the clinical severity of mastitis remains incompletely elucidated. Furthermore, the widespread and frequently unregulated administration of antimicrobials in mastitis management has resulted in the emergence of mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) strains resistant to all major classes of antibiotics. Thereby significantly hindering effective therapeutic interventions and posing risks to both animal and human health.The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains poses a critical challenge, limiting effective treatment options and increasing the risk of treatment failures. This literature research conducted using the bibliographic database PubMed, the publisher's platform Frontiers, and the scientific electronic library eLibrary. For this study, we used articles containing theoretical, experimental, and clinical data on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment challenges of infectious mastitis in cattle caused by Escherichia coli bacteria. This review examines the etiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, diagnostic methods, and treatment challenges of infectious mastitis caused by E. coli in dairy cattle. It also summarizes current data on MPEC pathotype virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance, and discusses key gaps in the knowledge that needs to be addressed in order to comply with preventive measures.

The paper examines the need to monitor and define the spectrum of clinically significant microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus and their biological properties for the rational use of strategies for the prevention or treatment of infectious mastitis in lactating cows. Based on literature sources and our own research, bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus were identified as significant microorganisms (due to the high percentage of their isolation in milk - 90.9%) among gram-positive bacteria. The species spectrum of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus from mastitic milk of lactating cows was determined: Staphylococcus aureus (n = 50), Staphylococcus intermedius (n = 20), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 15), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (n = 10), Staphylococcus сhromogenes (n = 5). Hemolysis in 80%, mannitol cleavage in 82%, lecithinase activity in 75%, and plasma coagulation in 100% of cases were detected in Staphylococcus aureus. Hemolysis in 75%, mannitol cleavage in 82%, lecithinase activity in 75%, and plasma coagulation in 100% were detected in Staphylococcus intermedius, making them clinically significant for identification. Staphylococci were found to be capable of forming biofilms, as determined by the level of crystalline gentian violet binding to daily cultures of isolated bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus (80%) and Staphylococcus intermedius (75%) were clinically significant as causative agents of infectious mastitis in lactating cows.

The development of recombinant probiotic strains capable of targeted delivery of immunomodulatory proteins to the gastrointestinal tract represents a promising strategy for reducing antibiotic use in animal husbandry. This study describes the construction and characterization of a recombinant Lactobacillus spp. strain обеспечивающего stable co-expression of key cytokines—interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-22 (IL-22). A Lactobacillus spp. strain obtained from the All-Russian Collection of Industrial Microorganisms of the NRC “Kurchatov Institute” was used in this work. Based on the pLacDual vector with the pWV01 replicon (5.2 kb), the plasmid pLacDualIL10/IL22 (12.5 kb) was constructed, containing two independent expression cassettes under the control of the lacUV5 promoter with codon-optimized IL-10 (534 bp) and IL-22 (501 bp) genes. Codon optimization increased the codon adaptation index (CAI) from 0.65 to 0.92 for IL-10 and from 0.58 to 0.89 for IL-22. Transformation was performed by electroporation followed by selection on media supplemented with erythromycin (5 µg/mL) and chloramphenicol (10 µg/mL). ELISA determined protein expression levels, and biological activity was assessed using a PBMC proliferation assay. Plasmid stability was evaluated over 50 passages. A recombinant strain was obtained with a transformation efficiency of 2.3 × 10³ CFU/µg DNA; 95% of clones were confirmed by colony PCR. The verified strain demonstrated stable production of biologically active IL-10 (85 ± 12 ng/mL) and IL-22 (72 ± 9 ng/mL) without mutual suppression of synthesis. The plasmid construct exhibited exceptional stability, with a loss frequency of less than 1.2% over 50 generations. The resulting strain represents a promising platform for the development of novel agents aimed at enhancing local immunity and reducing antibiotic use in animal husbandry through the localized delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines.

The biological characteristics of pathogenic Brucella strains in various animal species are the most important factor in the fight against this disease. The results of studying Brucella cultures are crucial for the development of specific prevention and diagnosis methods. The use of control strains of B. melitensis 16M and B. suis 1330 at a concentration of 10 m.c. resulted in the development of extensive generalized disease in infected animals. While B.abortus 183 became more pathogenic when used at 50 m.c. and caused widespread infectious lesions, especially at high doses. In the study of the pathogenicity of the "deer" strain 010 in cattle, pigs, and sheep, it was found that its virulence is lower than that of B.abortus 183 and B.suis 1330. Isolated from wild and economically -maintained populations of reindeer in the republic, Brucella strains retain stability and the resulting uniformity of phenotypic characteristics. A typical picture for the hemoculture: in comparison with other Brucella serovarieties, these isolates demonstrate pronounced virulence and tropism to Rangifer tarandus, whereas Sus scrofa, Bos taurus, and Ovis aries, on the contrary, show high species-specific resistance both in laboratory infection and in natural biogeocenoses. Epizootiological monitoring has confirmed the autonomy of brucellosis foci in Yakutia, which indicates a unique epidemic and epizootic situation that is specific to this region.

This article focuses on optimizing the detection of Acinetobacter bacteria, the main spoilage pathogens of chilled offal. Thirty liver samples (beef, pork, and chicken) stored at 4°C were analyzed using conventional methods and the chromogenic CHROMagarТМ medium. Acinetobacter formed characteristic red colonies on this medium. However, accurate identification requires additional tests (lack of oxidase, motility, and glucose fermentation) to distinguish it from similar Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae. Analysis of the effects of storage conditions revealed that at low temperatures, the growth of Enterobacteriaceae is inhibited, while psychrophilic Pseudomonas rapidly multiplies, competing with Acinetobacter, which can become active even when absent from fresh samples. Thus, CHROMagarTM medium is effective for primary screening, but for reliable differentiation, a comprehensive approach using a range of nutrient media and biochemical tests is required, since identification of microorganisms to the species level remains difficult.

Brucellosis remains one of the significant zoonotic diseases in animal husbandry, causing enormous economic damage due to abortions, reduced productivity, diagnostic costs, control measures and restrictions of international trade, as well as posing a serious threat to human health. Despite many years of efforts, eradication of the disease remains a difficult task, especially in regions with high endemicity. The prevention of brucellosis in farm animals is based on strict adherence of veterinary and sanitary measures, where mass vaccination plays a key role in reducing of prevalence of infection. This article aims a comprehensive analysis of current brucellosis prevention strategies, with a particular focus on a detailed description and critical evaluation of all known and used vaccines.
The article systematizes extensive scientific data on the history of development, composition, mechanism of action, immunogenicity, efficacy, application scheme, advantages and significant disadvantages of each vaccine. Classical live attenuated vaccines (S19, Rev.1, B. abortus 82, B. suis S2, etc.), inactivated vaccines (based on whole-cell bacteria, subcellular fractions), as well as promising new approaches, including subunit, vector, DNA-vaccines and vaccines based on mutants with deletion of virulence genes, are considered. Special attention is paid to the problem of differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals. The factors, influencing the effectiveness of vaccination, practical aspects of the use of vaccines, their safety for animals, as well as the role of vaccine prophylaxis in programs on the control and eradication of brucellosis are discussed in detail. The article highlights the need of combined approach, combining vaccination with strict veterinary and sanitary measures and strict control of animal movement. The review provides researchers, veterinary practitioners and epidemiologists with comprehensive up-to-date information to make informed decisions in the fight against this socially and economically significant disease.

Lesions of the respiratory tract of calves in their prevalence rank second among diseases of young cattle. The bronchopneumonia of calves that interests us causes significant economic damage to farms. According to the available literature, one of the important prognostic aspects of the emergence and development of this pathology is the measurement of the concentration of cytokines in the blood of calves, which successfully introduced into the routine practice of foreign veterinary specialists. The aim of the work was to summarize the available data on the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of calf bronchopneumonia, as well as to justify the need to study the cytokine profile not only in scientific research, but also in the practice of veterinary doctors. Based on the analyzed literature we identify the following changes in the cytokine profile of blood in sick calves: a decrease in the concentration of IL-1A and an increase in the level of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8; during sampling using bronchoalveolar lavage, an increase in the concentration of TNF- α and IFN- γ; during the transition of the inflammatory process into the alveolar tissue of the lungs, an increase in IL-12, IL-6, TNF- α and IFN- γ.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, cases of anthrax infection in humans and animals are registered relatively frequently. The main risk factor for the unfavorable epizootic situation is the numerous anthrax burial sites located in all regions of the republic. In this regard, at the present stage, there is a need to develop effective methods for the sanitation of soil and environmental objects in this infection.
The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of the disinfectant «BA-12» in the decontamination of soil contaminated with the anthrax pathogen.
Experimental studies on the decontamination of surface soil layers were conducted in the Zhualy District, located in the northwestern part of the Zhambyl Region, which is one of the most anthrax-unfavorable regions in the republic (epizooticity index - 0.40).
A 20% working solution of the disinfectant «BA-12» was used for the decontamination of infected soil. A contaminated pasture area measuring 3 × 3 m was treated twice at an interval of 60 minutes. During the initial and repeated treatments, 270 L of the working solution was used for each treatment at a rate of 30 L/m² in accordance with the instructions for use. Upon completion of the experiment, soil samples were collected from the experimental site and submitted for commission examination to the Republican Reference Veterinary Laboratory. According to Test Report No. 4-S23R-135/G-79-02-01 dated October 18, 2023 (microscopy, bacteriology, PCR), the anthrax pathogen was not detected in any of the soil samples treated with the disinfectant BA-12.
Overall, the study results demonstrated that double treatment of a site infected with B. anthracis using a 20% solution of the disinfectant «BA-12» ensured complete sanitation of the surface layers of contaminated soil.

The article is devoted to the study of the epizootology of factor-endogenous infections. The theoretical foundations of the epizootic process are considered, including the differences between the classical exogenous variant of infectious pathology and the endogenous, “closed” variant, in which risk factors, dysbiosis, immunodeficiency states, and activation of opportunistic microorganisms play a decisive role. Particular attention is paid to the microbiological prerequisites of endogenous infections, eubiosis, dysbiosis, viral persistence, and the opportunistic pathogenicity of microbiota representatives. It is shown that factor-endogenous infections do not always fit into the traditional model of the epizootic process, since they may develop without typical pathogen introduction and chain transmission. It is substantiated that such diseases retain population significance for industrial livestock farming and should be considered within the framework of modern epizootology. Emphasis is placed on the need to take into account the state of the microbiota, housing factors, the immunological status of animals, and environmental conditions when assessing the risk of mass infectious pathology. The practical significance of the work is associated with the clarification of approaches to the prevention of factor-related diseases and the interpretation of their epizootological status. This is especially important for large farms with high animal stocking density and technological stressors".

The purpose of this work was to systematize data on the fertility of breeding bulls and the use of breed markers-fertility in cattle breeding. Fertility is the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa [17, 20]. The realization of the fertile potential of animals depends on a number of factors: physiological (the number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, their mobility, the presence of pathological sperm), environmental factors (feeding, hygiene and maintenance, climatic conditions and adaptation of animals) and hereditary markers. Genetic markers of fertility include TMEM95, FSH, SPEF2, INHAB, EML5, and TNP2. One of the main genes is TMEM95, encoding type 1 transmembrane protein. This gene is expressed in the plasma membrane of the acrosome, and a mutation C.483 C>A (rs378652941) associated with decreased fertility has been detected in the Flekvi breed. Equally important is the follicle-stimulating hormone FSH, which stimulates the mitotic division of gametes. Mutations of this gene cause violations of the quality and quantity of sperm. The mutations identified in the regulatory region of the gene are shown in Table 1 [16,27]. The gene associated with sperm movement is SPEF2. The product of the gene affects the formation of flagella, polymorphism C.2851 G>T (rs6891905) leads to the formation of shortened flagella of spermatozoa "short-tailed SPEF2 sperm syndrome". Common genes that affect fertility include INHAB, encodes the beta subunit of inhibin, reduces FSH secretion, and regulates the functions of the sex glands. The polymorphism found in Holsteins is associated with sperm quality and sperm motility. The gene encoding the microtubule protein EML5. The rs380547429 mutation was detected in the Aberdeen breed, which contributes to a decrease in sperm quality. The TNP2 gene encodes a protein that promotes chromosome helixing and packaging of genetic material into gametes. In conclusion, it should be noted that the occurrence of hereditary mutations causes disorders in sperm formation, such as a decrease in the number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, changes in motility and structural disorders of the sperm.

One of the ways to improve efficiency of artificial insemination in poultry is early selection of males producing sperm with high cryoresistant properties. Initial ejaculate evaluation plays an important role in predicting viability and can serve as basis for developing quality criteria for decryopreserved semen. In our study, which involved roosters (n=139) from 20 breeds and populations, we identified prognostic indicators that allow us to draw conclusions about the functional activity of decryopreserved sperm based on native ejaculate parameters. At sperm concentration of 3.5 billion/ml in native ejaculate after cryopreservation, was observed the highest percentage of gametes with high kinetic parameters (38.12±1.68%). Maximum percentage of decryopreserved spermatozoa with high rates of total motility (37.05±1.03%) was obtained in the case of freezing native sperm samples with total motility above 85%.

Morphological body characteristics are linked to animal adaptation to a specific habitat, so analysis of zoometric data is essential for selecting the best animals in goat herds. The aim of our study was to identify links between body morphometric parameters and sperm quality. Two groups of animals were formed: Group I (n=8) – bucks being used as breeders for the first time (1,8-1,9 years old) and Group II (n=14) – bucks in active production (2,7-3,8 years old). To assess sperm quality, individuals from which at least three ejaculates were collected were selected: Group I (n=6) and Group II (n=14). The highest values for each indicator— ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility, and total sperm count in the ejaculate—were used for comparative and correlation analysis. No differences were found in twelve body measurements or sperm quality between individuals in the two groups. A unidirectional correlation between sperm production parameters and oblique body length, chest girth, rump width, metacarpal girth, as well as indices of bone content, massiveness, and elongation was found (p < 0.05-0.001). These results suggest the use of body morphometric parameters as an indirect indicator of buck reproductive performance.

Vitrification of immature oocytes is a key method for preserving Sus scrofa domesticus reproductive cells for experimental work and for advancing implementation of assisted reproductive technologies in veterinary medicine, as well as innovative research in biomedicine and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, there is a need to improve existing protocols and develop new ones for vitrification of female porcine gametes. Active research is currently underway aimed at using various hydrogels for vitrification in assisted reproductive technologies for humans, experimental animals and farm animals. The emergence new synthesized precursors for hydrogel formation expands possibilities cryopreservation; however, preliminary analysis their cytotoxicity is required. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity of a titanium tetrapolyethylene glycolate hydrogel precursor in a 10-molar excess of polyethylene glycol (TTP_EG*10PEG), used as a cryoprotectant additive in cryopreservation protocol for porcine oocytes at germinal vesicle stage. Oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs) were obtained from follicles (3-5 mm in diameter) of postmortem porcine ovaries and divided into 4 groups. The experimental groups were treated with cryoprotective agents (CPA) prepared using the TS-199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum: CPA -1: 0,7 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + 0,9 M ethylene glycol (EG) (30 sec exposure); CPA -2: 1,4 M DMSO + 1,8 M EG (30 sec exposure); CPA -3: 2,8 M DMSO + 3,6 M EG + 0,65 M trehalose (20 sec exposure). To create experimental conditions in CPA -3, TTP_EG*10PEG was added to three experimental groups at concentrations of 0,1, 0,01, and 0,001%. After treatment with cryoprotectants, the cells were loaded into straws and placed in Dewar flasks with LN2 (−196 °C) for at least 1 h. After devitrification in water bath (120 sec at 38°C), the chromatin status of denuded oocytes was assessed (1,9 μM Hoechst33342), the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using the fluorochrome DCFH-DA (working concentration 5 μM/ ml), and mitochondrial activity (500 nM MitoTracker Orange CMTMRos). It was found that the addition of 0,1, 0,01 and 0,001% TTP_EG*10PEG to the CPA did not cause a reliable decrease in the proportion of cells with signs of degeneration after vitrification, an increase in ROS generation (by 29,5 conventional units, 34,1 conventional units and 15,8 conventional units of DCFH-DA IF) and level of mitochondrial activity (by 49,21 conventional units, 31,89 conventional units, 37,22 conventional units of Mito Orange CMTMRos IF) was noted, which does not allow us to recommend use of TTP_EG*10PEG in concentrations 0,1, 0,01, 0,001% when modeling the composition cryoprotective media for oocyte vitrification due to the lack a positive effect on viability and morphofunctional activity devitrified cells. Monitoring all the above-mentioned controlled parameters at studied concentrations (0,1, 0,01, and 0,001%) revealed cytotoxic effects on cryopreservation female gametes, indicating inappropriateness using the TTP_EG*10PEG precursor in vitrification technology donor porcine oocytes.

An analysis was carried out on the influence of pelvic position (angle of inclination) and width at the ischial tuberosities on the reproductive function of high-yielding Holstein cows (n=4807). Depending on the pelvic position during the first lactation, it was found that in cows with a score of 4 points, the insemination index was lower by 0.25 (P≤0.05), and the barren period was shorter by 19.1 days (P≤0.05) compared to animals with minimal inclination (≤2 points). In cows with a score of 5 points, the differences were 0.18 (P≤0.05) and 20.0 days (P≤0.05); in those with a score of ≥6 points, the differences were 0.22 (P≤0.05) and 21.7 days (P≤0.05), respectively. On average over two lactations, in cows with a score of 4 points and above, the insemination index was lower by 0.14…0.21 (P≤0.05), and the barren period was shorter by 12.5…22.8 days (P≤0.05) compared to animals with minimal pelvic inclination (≤2 points). During the first lactation, in cows with a narrow pelvis (score ≤2 points), the barren period was shorter by 23.2 days (P≤0.001) compared to animals with a wide pelvis (score ≥6 points). During the second lactation, the differences were 35.8 days for the barren period (P≤0.001) and 0.42 for the insemination index (P≤0.05). On average over two lactations, in cows with a narrow pelvis, the barren period was shorter by 23.2…35.8 days (P≤0.001), and the insemination index was lower by 0.17…0.42 (P≤0.05) compared to animals with a greater distance between the ischial tuberosities. Thus, the established influence of phenotypic features of pelvic structure on the reproductive function of cows requires their consideration in breeding work.

This article examines the experience of two successful blood transfusions from 11 domestic cats to a serval, conducted without any transfusion or post-transfusion This article presents the results of a retrospective study of hematocrit dynamics in feline blood donors during regular blood donations and evaluates the effect of metabolic support with Catosal on the recovery of hematological parameters.
The study included 51 donor cats, with a total of 374 blood donations analyzed. Before each donation, a complete blood count was performed to determine hematocrit levels. In addition, the volume of collected blood and the interval between consecutive donations were recorded. The mean blood collection volume was 11.15 ml/kg of body weight, and the mean interval between donations was 81.6 days.
The animals were observed during two consecutive periods: a period without metabolic support and a period during which Catosal was administered between donations. In the group without metabolic support, 279 donations were analyzed, with a median hematocrit of 39%. In the group of animals receiving Catosal (95 donations), the median hematocrit was 41.7%. Additionally, during the period of Catosal administration, a more stable hematocrit trend and fewer cases of marked hematocrit decline during repeated donations were observed.
The results suggest that the use of Catosal between donations may promote more efficient erythrocyte recovery and stabilization of hematological parameters in feline blood donors. Further controlled studies are required to definitively assess the effectiveness of metabolic support in donor animals.

The purpose of the presented study is to conduct an endoscopic and histomorphological assessment of the condition of the mucous membranes of the abomasum and duodenum in calves with abomasoenteritis. The object for its implementation was ten newborn calves aged from three to ten days. Five calves were clinically healthy, while the remaining five showed clinical signs of dyspepsia. Endoscopic examinations were performed using a portable USB gastroscope Seesheen TK-VETKIT EU-250H. During their implementation, tissue samples were taken for histomorphological studies. For this purpose, histological sections were made from them according to a generally accepted technique, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, alcian blue (pH 2.5), followed by additional staining with Mayer's hematoxylin and Masson trichrome. According to the results of endoscopy, changes were detected in patients with abomasoenteritis of calves, mainly related to the consistency and composition of the contents of the abomasum and duodenum. Dense clumps of colostrum, gray-white in color, with a viscous consistency resembling liquid clay, were found in their lumen. At the histological level, morphological changes in the mucous membrane of the rennet and duodenum, characteristic of catarrhal inflammation, were observed in calves with abomasoenteritis. On their surface, there is an accumulation of mucus containing desquamated epithelial cells, as well as lymphocytes, plasmocytes, and macrophages.
In the abomasum, there is an uneven expansion of the glands of the mucous membrane with focal atrophic lesions of the epithelial lining, and moderate diffuse focal inflammatory infiltration in its own plate. The development of serous-inflammatory edema was noted in the connective tissue structures of the duodenal mucosa and in the submucosa.

The purpose of the presented study is to establish changes in the clinical and biochemical blood profile in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy at different stages of hemodynamic changes during its complex drug correction with the inclusion of the drug "L-carnitine". The development of dilated cardiomyopathy inevitably leads to impaired liver and kidney function. At the same time, due to increased intoxication, there is a feedback loop – the development of liver and kidney damage worsens the course of DCM and enhances its clinical symptoms. This process can be influenced by the use of pathogenetically based complex drug therapy based on the use of substances that promote the normalization of metabolic processes and possess antioxidant properties. One of them is L-carnitine. In addition to the above properties, it is directly involved in the energy metabolism of the heart muscle. In order to determine its effect on the clinical and biochemical profile of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy, 40 dogs of large and giant breeds were selected, which were divided into eight groups according to the stage of hemodynamic changes (four control and four experimental). In addition to the standard treatment regimen that animals from the control groups received, the animals of the experimental groups were prescribed "L-carnitine" at a dose of 30.0 mg. To establish the dynamics of the main clinical and biochemical parameters of blood during the experiment, it was studied on the first, 30th and 60th days of its staging. According to the results of the clinical and morphological analysis of blood at all stages of the experiment, no deviations from the norm were detected in all animals. This indicates that they do not have concomitant inflammatory diseases and pathologies of the blood coagulation system. The most significant changes in the studied animals were recorded during a biochemical study of blood serum for such indicators as alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and urea. Based on their dynamics during the experiment, the use of the drug "L-carnitine" helps restore the functional state of the liver. The revealed dynamics of normalization of AST activity in animals treated with this drug may indirectly indicate a decrease in the degree of damage to the heart muscle. At the same time, a change in the concentration of urea in the blood serum of animals treated with L-carnitine during the experiment indicates its effective effect on the normalization of liver function and on the reduction of prerenal azotemia. This is explained by an increase in renal perfusion and restoration of hemodynamics as a result of compensation for dilated cardiomyopathy under the influence of the drug "L-carnitine".

Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSC) are multipotent stromal cells that are able to modulate the immune response to tissue damage and promote tissue repair in vivo. The prospects of using drugs based on the secretion products of mesenchymal stromal cells are encouraging for both human medicine and animal treatment. However, the current scientific and practical data cannot be fundamental for use in clinical settings due to insufficient research.
This work analyzes the experience of using the secretome of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in cardiorespiratory diseases of horses. A secretome is a collection of all biologically active substances secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into the extracellular space. The introduction of drugs based on the MSC secretome into veterinary medicine is of great scientific and practical interest. A horse was used as a model for studying the effectiveness of MSC. The article presents clinical observations and focuses on a promising scientific and practical field of equestrian medicine - the study of the effect of mesenchymal stem cell secretion products on the physiological and reparative regeneration of the cardiorespiratory system in chronic obstructive bronchial and lung diseases.
To date, the complex etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, broad-spectrum antibiotics, antiprotozoal and fungicidal agents, bronchodilators and substances with a desensitizing effect. This therapy leads to a rapid onset of shortterm remission. However, from the standpoint of violation of the barrier properties of the respiratory system, the ongoing therapeutic measures are not aimed at restoring natural protection and accelerating the regeneration of damaged tissues. Thus, the need for veterinary drugs that qualitatively restore lost cells is urgent.Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSC) are multipotent stromal cells that are able to modulate the immune response to tissue damage and promote tissue repair in vivo. The prospects of using drugs based on the secretion products of mesenchymal stromal cells are encouraging for both human medicine and animal treatment. However, the current scientific and practical data cannot be fundamental for use in clinical settings due to insufficient research.

The article presents studies on the acute toxicity of the drug AUSmonensin 20, 40. The experiment was conducted on white rats. The study assessed the activity of rats, coordination of movement, the presence of seizures, the condition of the skin, coat and mucous membranes. The dynamics of body weight was assessed over two weeks to determine the effect of the study drug on the overall metabolism. At the first stage of the study, at a dose of 2000 mg/kg of animal weight, animal deaths were recorded on days 2, 4, and 14. At the second stage of the study, at a dose of 300 mg/kg, on the 7th day of the experiment, the death of one rat was recorded, and no deaths of the remaining animals were observed for 14 days. When the second stage of the study was repeated, the death of animals of the third experimental group was not noted. The condition of the rats in the second and third groups remained stable. The animals maintained normal mobility and reactions to external stimuli (sound, light, pain). The physiological parameters—muscle tone, coordination, and breathing—were normal. The appearance (wool, mucous membranes) and the nature of the excrement had no deviations. The results of the study of acute toxicity with intragastric administration made it possible to establish an average lethal dose of 214.5 mg / kg, which made it possible to classify the studied drug as class IV acute toxicity according to GOST 32644-2014.

The article presents the results of using the feed additive Cu-Active in the diets of turkeys. The aim of the study was to determine the copper concentration in the blood of turkeys and its effect on the metabolism of certain blood parameters. The birds were divided into four groups, and the control group received only feed. The second group of turkeys received Cu-Active at a rate of 0.001% of the feed weight. The birds of the 3rd group received 0.005% of the feed additive, and the turkeys of the 4th group received 0.01% of the feed. The experiment lasted for 100 days. The feed additive is a homogeneous loose powder, which is a homogeneous powder of stabilized nanosized copper in the form of a monolayer coating on the surface of mineral sorbent nanoparticles. The introduction of Cu-Active into the turkey's diet had a number of positive effects on the body's homeostasis, increasing the level of the trace element in the blood while simultaneously increasing the number of red blood cells and the concentration of hemoglobin, which creates the conditions for a more intensive supply of oxygen to the tissues and contributes to increased growth. This is a result of the activation of copper-dependent enzymes. However, these processes are most pronounced when Cu-Active is added at a rate of 0.005% and 0.01% of the feed weight. Compared to the control group, the copper content in the blood increased by 31.86% and 25.39%. The number of red blood cells increased by 27.45% and 27.25%, and the hemoglobin concentration increased by 27.41% and 26.43%. Based on the above, we recommend adding the domestic copper-containing feed additive Cu-Active at a rate of 50 g/t and 100 g/t of compound feed to the turkey rations.

The article presents the results of long-term monitoring (1975-2024) of the quality of bulk feeds – corn silage and alfalfa haylage – in the Republic of Tatarstan and an assessment of their impact on dairy productivity of cattle. It was found that during the analyzed period, the dry matter content in corn silage increased by 52.2%, and the exchange energy increased by 76.6% (from 8.5 to 11.0 MJ/kg dry matter), which meets the requirements of GOST for class I feed. At the same time, the quality of alfalfa haylage remained unstable due to weather conditions and violations of harvesting technologies: the exchange energy remained at a low level (9.3-9.5 MJ/kg), and the crude protein content varied without a clear trend. Calculations have shown that the use of high-quality feed provides an additional daily yield of 1.58 kg per cow, or 127.4 thousand tons per year, which corresponds to a 6.5% increase in productivity. Thus, improving the quality of bulk feeds by optimizing harvesting times, using adapted varieties of hybrid crops and improving harvesting technologies is a key reserve for the development of dairy cattle breeding in the region, which reduces dependence on purchased energy-protein feeds and additives.

The results of tests in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) of the effectiveness of feeding promising fodder crops of the crop (Sudanese grass, oats «Vilensky») in a mixture with specialized protein-mineral-vitamin additives to primordial heifers of the Simmental breed are presented. The main composition of the feed additive is presented from local resources: zeolite-hongurin, Kempendiai salt, wheat bran. Studies of the digestibility of nutrients of the diet were carried out on 6 heifers divided into two groups (control and experimental, in the diet of which cereal senage was introduced – 13,0 kg and cereal senage enriched with protein-mineral-vitamin additives (BMVD) in an amount of 50 g per 1 head per day – 13,0 kg respectively). It was noted that the introduction of cereal senage enriched with BMVD into the diet increased the level of metabolic energy and had a positive effect on metabolism. In the pilot group, in the diet structure of which senage cereal enriched with BMVD was 37,8 % in nutritional value, protein digestibility was 0,78 % higher than in the control group (P <0.95). Feeding grain haylage enriched with BMVD contributed to better energy digestion by 0,8 %. However, the first-heaters of the control group better used exchange energy by 1,1 % for the formation of products. According to the use of diet energy, no deviations in the physiological state of animals were found, no significant differences were found in the distribution and use of diet energy. Therefore, the improvement in digestibility of most nutrients of the diet, distribution and use of energy is explained by the fact that that the productive effect of the use of promising feed crops mixed with protein-vitamin-mineral additives from local raw materials is due to the regulatory effect on the intensity of the processes of digestion and use of feed nutrients, which in turn activated the metabolic processes in the animal body during the stable period and thereby improved the use of feed minerals. The purpose of the research is to test the effectiveness of the use of promising fodder crops in a mixture with specialized protein-vitamin-mineral additives for first-heaters in the North.

The article presents the results of a study on the combined genotypes of OPN (c.8514C/T) and IGF-1 (512T/C) genes in a population of Holstein heifers (n=202). The experiment was conducted at the Lenin Breeding Farm (Atninsky District, Republic of Tatarstan), and laboratory analyses were carried out at the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The relevance of the study is driven by the need to identify genetic markers associated with reproductive traits in cattle, as fertility indicators alongside milk productivity determine the economic efficiency of dairy farming. The OPN and IGF-1 genes are involved in the regulation of embryogenesis, implantation, folliculogenesis, and early embryonic development; however, their combined interaction remains insufficiently studied. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP with restriction endonucleases BseI (for OPN) and BstSNI (for IGF-1). The analysis revealed the presence of all nine possible combined genotype combinations, confirming the genetic heterogeneity of the studied population. The highest frequency was observed for the combined genotype CT/AB (29.7%), while the lowest frequencies were found for CC/BB (2.0%) and CC/AA (3.0%) by OPN / IGF-1. A pattern of decreasing frequency of combined genotypes was established with an increasing number of homozygous loci. Comparison of the observed and theoretically expected distributions showed no statistically significant deviations (χ² = 4.67; p > 0.05), indicating independent allele combination of the studied genes and the absence of factors disrupting genetic equilibrium in the sample. The obtained data can be applied in breeding programs for marker-assisted selection of parental pairs, genetic passportization, and monitoring of the genetic structure of cattle populations.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of inoculation of fish waste by lactobacilli on the quality of the substrate and the resulting biothermic processing product in biocomposters, as well as on the kinetics of the process and sanitary and hygienic indicators.
An effective solution is aerobic biocomposting with thermophilic microorganisms at 65°C. The technology provides multi-stage degradation of the organic substrate, resulting in the formation of a bio-mixture suitable for use as a feed additive or fertilizer, with a volume of 10% of the initial. In parallel, the material is decontaminated with the deactivation of pathogenic microflora, including antibiotic-resistant strains.
The article is devoted to the scientific substantiation and experimental verification of a technology combining early lactic acid fermentation of raw materials with subsequent aerobic thermophilic composting in ECO biocomposters with an optimized ratio of fish waste and lactic acid bacteria. It has been shown that the introduction of lactobacilli provides rapid acidification of raw materials, suppression of putrefactive microflora and acceleration of the onset of a stable thermophilic phase. The method is based on the combined use of microbiological processes and temperature exposure, which ensures the aerobic decomposition of organic matter by thermophilic microorganisms at 65 °C. In 24 hours, the volume of waste is reduced by 90%, and a bio-mixture with a high nutrient content is formed at the outlet, suitable for use as a feed additive or organic fertilizer.
Research demonstrates the high efficiency of biocomposting in three areas: technological (reducing the ripening time and increasing the stability of the process), sanitary and microbiological (reliable suppression of unwanted microflora) and ecological/agronomic (reducing odors and nutrient losses, improving the quality of compost).
The technology can be recommended for implementation at fish processing enterprises and organic waste processing facilities.
Bacteriological analysis confirmed a decrease in the total microbial number from 36,000,000 to 1,780 CFU/ g and the complete elimination of target pathogens.

The presented article is devoted to the study of the influence of low-temperature storage conditions microbiological parameters of meat of various types (pork, beef, veal, lamb, rabbit, nutria), taking into account the quality categories. The aim of the work is to evaluate the effect of various low—temperature storage conditions on changes in the microbiological parameters of meat of different types and quality categories and to determine the optimal parameters ensuring biological safety. The experiments were carried out in 2023-2026 on meat samples of slaughtered animals of various quality categories, stored for up to 180 days. It was found that at a temperature of -1 °C, microbial growth in all species exceeds the permissible level by 90 days. The temperature of -12 °C is insufficient for long–term storage of veal, rabbit meat and nutria meat, as QMAFAnM increases to 103-10⁴ CFU/g. The -18 °C regime provides reliable bacteriostasis for most meat samples, however, category I veal demonstrates a slow but reliable growth of microflora up to 30 CFU/g, which requires a decrease to -20...-22 °C. At temperatures of -22...-25 °C, complete bacteriostasis was recorded. Mutton and beef of the first category showed the greatest resistance to the development of microorganisms. Analyzing the results of the conducted studies, it was found that the temperature of -18 °C is the basic threshold that ensures the microbiological safety of most types of meat. However, specific and categorical features require a differentiated approach. The results obtained can be applied in updating regulatory documentation and developing production control programs for meat processing enterprises.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the potential of advanced technologies for the conservation and sustainable development of reindeer herding in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. It demonstrates how innovative digital, automated, and biotechnological solutions in animal husbandry and veterinary science can not only significantly increase the industry's economic productivity but also dramatically improve the breeding value of reindeer, their resistance to various diseases, and other factors, ensuring the viability of reindeer herding in extreme Arctic conditions. Particular attention is paid to identifying and systematizing existing problems and barriers that currently hinder the effective integration of new technologies into traditional reindeer herding practices. It analyzes how the introduction of innovations can contribute to increased herd growth, improved product quality, optimized use of pasture lands, and, consequently, increased economic efficiency. The importance of developing and implementing flexible strategies that take into account the regional, socio-economic and traditional characteristics of the indigenous peoples of the North is emphasized. The article is intended to become the basis for making informed, strategic decisions on the modernization and sustainable development of the reindeer herding industry.

Cytological analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, synonym: liquor) is one of the most important tests in verifying the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis. Inflammation of the brain and its membranes has a high etiology, with both infectious and autoimmune origins. Neuroinfections enter the brain via hematogenous, cerebrospinal fluid, and contact routes. Based on the patient's medical history, neurological examination, and imaging findings, it is possible to predict the type of inflammatory process. However, this information is often insufficient to establish a definitive diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging, a visual diagnostic method, can provide information on the presence, extent, and location of inflammatory foci in the central nervous system, but it does not always help determine the type of inflammatory process. In animals in which the etiology of meningoencephalitis remains unclear after the above examinations, cerebrospinal fluid analysis is performed to confirm or rule out the presence of abnormal cytosis and other significant changes. CSF analysis may also be necessary to assess the effectiveness of therapy in cases of established neuroinfection. Therapeutic approaches to treating immune-mediated and infectious meningoencephalitis differ, which is why cerebrospinal fluid analysis is one of the most important diagnostic criteria in interpreting the inflammatory process in the central nervous system.
The aim of this work is to conduct a cytological study of cerebrospinal fluid in order to verify meningoencephalitis in small domestic animals.

One of the most important systems in the animal's body is the biliary system. It consists of a number of structures, the first of which are hepatocytes, liver cells involved in a number of metabolic processes, detoxifying metabolic products, storing vitamins, and also producing bile, which passes through the bile capillaries, which unite to form large hepatic ducts. These merge to form the common hepatic duct, which exits the porta hepatis. The biliary system also includes the gallbladder, which serves as a reservoir for the accumulation and concentration of bile. Impaired bile secretion, for example, due to pathologies such as cholestasis, cholelithiasis, and gallbladder mucocele, can lead to digestive problems, such as elevated blood cholesterol levels and nutrient deficiencies. A deficiency in vitamin K increases the risk of bleeding, vitamin D can lead to osteoporosis, and vitamin A can cause vision impairment and other various problems. Based on the above, studying this system in carnivores is an integral part of diagnosis and is a relevant topic. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of spatial organization and morphometric parameters of the hepatic and cystic ducts in the domestic cat. The study was conducted at the Department of Animal Anatomy at the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The subjects of the study were five cat cadavers, aged five to ten years, of unspecified breeds. Based on the results of the study, patterns of spatial organization and morphometric parameters of the hepatic and cystic ducts in the domestic cat were determined. The morphometric data revealed a predominance of the left side of the liver over the right in terms of quantitative and linear parameters.

This article presents the results of a study of the effect of the feed additive "Herbastor" on the morphological condition of the liver of laying hens. It was experimentally established that the macroscopic parameters of the liver of laying hens in the experimental group, unlike those in the control group, did not exhibit any pathological changes: the color, shape, and consistency of the organ were within physiological norms. The histological appearance of the liver tissue was also characterized by the absence of pathological processes: hepatocyte boundaries were clear, and the liver lobules retained a beam-like structure. However, birds in the control group showed pronounced signs of fatty liver disease: the organ was enlarged, had blunted edges, and a loose consistency. Microscopy of the tissue revealed enlarged hepatocytes with turbid cytoplasm containing triglyceride inclusions.

The research was conducted at an agricultural enterprise in the Kostroma region. To study the indicators of mineral metabolism in heifers with subclinical ketosis and their calves, two groups of heifers were formed: the experimental group – heifers showing signs of subclinical ketosis (n=20); the control group – clinically healthy heifers (n=10). The diagnosis of subclinical ketosis was established on the 4th day after calving when the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood exceeded 1.2 mmol/L. Two groups of Holstein calves were also formed: the experimental group – calves born to heifers with signs of subclinical ketosis (n=20); the control group – calves from clinically healthy heifers (n=10). Serum samples were analyzed for total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, and the ratios of Ca/P, Ca/Mg, and Mg/P. The results indicated that in the serum of Holstein heifers with subclinical ketosis on the 4th day of lactation, there was a 13.0% lower calcium level and a 16.4% lower phosphorus level, alongside a high magnesium level. In calves born to heifers suffering from subclinical ketosis, serum analysis revealed a 13.5% lower inorganic phosphorus level and a 13.7% lower magnesium level, despite nearly equal total calcium levels. The increased Ca/P and Ca/Mg ratios in heifers with subclinical ketosis, alongside low ratios in their calves, may reflect a compensatory response to metabolic stress and electrolyte imbalance characteristic of subclinical ketosis in both the heifer mothers and their calves.

The influence of abiotic factors during early embryonic development can serve as a method of managing ontogenesis in order to increase the adaptive abilities of chickens. The main purpose of this study was to test a technological technique to increase the overall resistance of chickens during the critical rearing period (the first 2 weeks of life) using commercial meat cross chickens.
The research was carried out on chickens of the "Ross-308" commercial meat cross. During the research, methods of preparation and staining of histological sections of bursa with hematoxylin-eosin, cDNA synthesis and PCR-RV were used to determine the relative expression of TLR7 and IL7 genes. Egg incubation mode: 1- 6 days 37.8°C, 7-17 days 37.5°C, 18-21 days 37.2 – 37.3°C. On the 5,5 day of incubation, the embryos of the experimental groups were cooled for 6 hours at +16... +18°C. The stress factor used to assess the effect of the incubation regime on development (index, morphology) and bursa function (relative expression of the TLR7 and IL7 immunity genes) was vaccination of chickens with a live Gumboro disease vaccine.
As a result of the research, it was found that a single dosed low-temperature exposure during the sensitive period of early embryogenesis contributes to the better development of bursa by the age of 14 days (the bursa index in the experimental group is 16 – 20 % higher than in the control group). After vaccination against Gumboro disease, chickens of the experimental group showed less bursa suppression, in contrast to the control group, in which, on the 6th day after vaccination, there was an increase in lymphoid follicles, a decrease in the medullary zone and an increase in the cortical zone. Toll-like receptors in chickens in the experiment significantly faster induce the occurrence of an inflammatory reaction and cytokine production in response to vaccination with a live vaccine, as evidenced by a higher peak level of IL-7 gene expression (1.8 – 2.6 times higher, p<0.001) on the 6th day after vaccination.

The effect of metabolic liver dysfunction in Holstein cows on the development of immunity in their offspring has been studied. The results of the study showed that endogenous intoxication of varying severity is registered in maternal cows with cytolysis and cholestasis syndromes in the third trimester of pregnancy. It has been proven that only in 12.1% of cases, offspring born from cows with impaired liver function have a normal physiological maturity index (21-25 points on the VIGOR scale). It was noted that postnatal hypoxia of moderate severity was diagnosed in 40.0% of cases in calves from mothers with cytolysis syndrome and in 47.9% of cases from cows with cholestasis syndrome; the proportion of animals with acidosis in these groups was 28.0% (lactate/pyruvate ratio 18.9±1.7 cu) and 40.0% (lactate ratio/pyruvate 24.5±2.2 cu) accordingly. In 66.7% of cases, the offspring of cows with cytolysis syndrome showed a deficiency of passive humoral immunity (total immunoglobulins 15.28±2.49 g/l), inhibition of nonspecific resistance factors (BASC 69.8±2.2%; LASC 0.118±0.015 mg/ml) and impaired differentiation of neutrophils and lymphocytes. It has been proven that in 84.6% of cases, the level of total immunoglobulins in the offspring of cows with cholestasis syndrome is lower (13.17±2.22 g/l) than in animals from healthy mothers. Hematopoietic system strain was also detected in these calves (newborn thrombocytosis 1791.6–1828.2×10⁹/L, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio 0.84:1) and an imbalance of innate immune responses (BASC 62.1±3.2%; LASC 0.168±0.032 mg/ml).

Antibacterial agents play a key role in modern scientific and industrial practice, being used not only for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, but also as growth promoters in animal husbandry and poultry farming. However, despite their advantages, this practice is associated with a number of drawbacks. The widespread use of antibiotics promotes the development of resistance in pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, posing a serious threat to veterinary medicine and public health. Moreover, the use of antibacterial agents leads to environmental contamination, resulting in the contamination of fruit and vegetable products and non‑target plants, significantly exacerbating the problem of environmental safety.
This study presents a methodology for the quantitative determination of 39 antibiotics in crop production products using high‑performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‑MS/MS), which ensures high sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy of the analysis.
The main validation characteristics of the methodology (linearity, reproducibility, specificity, and limit of detection) for the determination of veterinary drugs in plant materials by HPLC‑MS/MS are described.
The new methodology enables effective quality and safety control of crop production products, which is essential for ensuring food security and protecting consumer health. It also contributes to maintaining public trust in the agricultural sector and supporting the sustainable development of Russia’s agro‑industrial complex.