This article discusses the features of the application of new requirements in the field of animal waste management. From March 2023, a number of new provisions in the legislation come into force, which contribute to the transfer of animal waste from the jurisdiction of the environmental area to a new industry for the management of animal by-products.

The adopted changes are aimed at increasing the efficiency of involving livestock by-products in agricultural production, including to ensure the reproduction of the fertility of agricultural land, and should help reduce the administrative burden on agricultural producers.

However, the introduced norms in a number of cases leave the dual position of animal husbandry waste, keeping the requirements of environmental legislation regarding them as production and consumption waste.

Artificial insemination allows to solve a number of problems of purebred breeding of dogs, which causes great interest of breeders and kennel clubs.

Evaluation of the quality of sperm by physical, biological and morphological indicators makes it possible to assess fertility and, as a result, predict the effectiveness of artificial insemination. Evaluation of sperm quality according to veterinary and sanitary indicators eliminates the risk of using for artificial insemination of sperm contaminated with microorganisms that can have a negative effect on sperm, reduce fertilizing ability, cause a number of gynecological diseases and lead to failures in the reproductive system, cause fetal development pathologies, mummification, cause abortions, stillbirth and death of puppies in the first days of life. The use of high-quality sperm production for artificial insemination of bitches is the key to obtaining a multi-fertile healthy litter.

To date, national and interstate standards have not been put into effect on the territory of the Russian Federation that establish rules and methods of research (testing, analysis) of male sperm in terms of quality, technical specifications that establish regulatory requirements for the sperm of male producers, standards that establish sampling methods for freshly obtained undiluted, freshly obtained diluted and frozen male sperm.

The purpose of the work is to study the features of information security when working with GIS by analyzing scientific publications. The main research methods are synthesis and methods of system, structural-logistic, functional analysis. The regulatory framework was compiled by the "Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation", Moscow, 2000, GOST R 54593-2011, "The concept of protection of computer equipment and automated systems from unauthorized access to information", 1992. The basic concepts in the field of information security are considered, the current state of the development and use of geoinformation systems (GIS) in various fields of the information field, including veterinary medicine, is analyzed. The classification of GIS according to various characteristics and its structure is given. The properties of information as an object of protection are considered, the patterns of creation of protected information systems are determined, the principles of ensuring the information security of the state are disclosed, attention is paid to information competition. In order to protect information, the necessity of monitoring risks/potential threats and creating a database based on geoinformation systems with a single secure system for entering and processing primary source data is emphasized. Solving the problem of creating conditions for information security requires mandatory comprehensive application of legislative, software, technical and organizational measures at the state level.

According to Article 14 of the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ (ed. of July 14, 2022) "On Information, Information technologies and information protection", state information systems are created in order to implement the powers of state bodies and ensure the exchange of information between these bodies, as well as for other purposes established by the Federal Law. The objectives of the creation of the federal state system in the field of veterinary medicine are fixed in Article of the Law of the Russian Federation of 05.1993 No. 4979-1 (ed. of 02.07.2021) "On Veterinary Medicine". At the same time, one of the main functions of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance is control and supervision activities. In our opinion, the Regulation on Federal State Veterinary Control (Supervision) approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 30.06.2021 No. 1097 (ed. dated 31.08.2022) insufficiently reflects the aspects of the application of federal state system in the field of veterinary medicine. At the same time, after analyzing regulatory legal acts, we can say with confidence that the further development of this system is envisaged, and corresponds to the goals of implementing the main functions of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance.

Urogenital mycoplasmosis is currently widespread in livestock farms both in our country and abroad. Unfortunately, today we have little data on the pathogenesis of this disease, and in particular on the state of the immune system of cows with genital mycoplasmosis. We have carried out a comparative study of indicators of cellular immunity in healthy cows and cows with genital mycoplasmosis. The study was carried out on pregnant cows. In healthy and mycoplasma-infected cows, the relative and absolute content of lymphocyte subpopulations was determined. It has been established that with genital mycoplasmosis in cows there is a significant decrease in the number of leukocytes and a decrease in the relative and absolute content of B-lymphocytes. Thus, infected animals develop a moderate immunodeficiency state due to prolonged exposure to mycoplasma metabolites, which inhibit the proliferative activity of immunocompetent cells. These changes should be taken into account when developing treatment regimens for genital mycoplasmosis.

The purpose of the work is to carry out a real-time polymerase chain reaction for the isolation of enterobacteria from the faeces of the maize snake and their identification.

Fecal masses after molting were collected from a male maize snake named Rabbit of Bloodred het Pied-Sided morph.

Egg release date: 06/19/2020.

Isolation of nucleic acids from faecal samples was carried out by the sorption method using the AmpliPrime DNA-sorb

-AM reagent kit (Central Research Institute of Epidemiology) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

For amplification, a test was used the Salm-IDS system for the detection of pathogenic Salmonella (Samonella spp et Salmonella Typhi). The amplification process was carried out in a LightCicler 96 (Roche) PCR-RT instrument.

In the study of feces from a reptile by the molecular method, the genus Salmonella was discovered.

The PCR study did not allow for species identification and determination of the viability of the microorganism, it is necessary to create a scheme for laboratory control of salmonella infection, which will include both the PCR method and bacteriological studies.

Today's high performance in the industrial poultry industry would not have been possible without the focused specialization of production and the use of highly productive poultry crosses. Therefore, the organization of modern poultry farming used simultaneously with high productivity indicators leads to a decrease in natural resistance and an increase in the susceptibility of birds to various pathogens of infectious diseases transmitted aerogenically, which is accompanied by the manifestation of respiratory syndrome in birds. One of the key reasons for the development of respiratory syndrome is the circulation of pneumovirus in the herd, which is especially dangerous for meat farms, since in broiler chickens the disease proceeds in a more severe form compared to poultry crosses.

Avian metapneumovirus infection causes significant economic damage to poultry farming, which consists of losses from a decrease in safety and productivity, as well as the cost of health and preventive measures.

4 subtypes of MPV are officially known, although recent publications have reported of two new pneumoviruses, GuMPV and AMPV PAR-05 isolated from the seagull in North America.

The diversity of pathogen subtypes and differences in virulence properties of metapneumovirus create difficulties both in the prevention of this disease and in its diagnosis.

Difficulty of metapneumovirus isolation from the examined material is caused by the short period of virus persistence in the organs of birds.

The most effective method of controlling avian MPVI is vaccination.

Diseases of cultivated objects cause the main risks in the artificial reproduction of aquatic biological resources. Infectious and invasive diseases lead to significant biological and economic losses [4]. This article presents the materials of laboratory studies on the parasitic safety of fish farms in the Pskov region for 2020-2021. Timely diagnosis allows you to quickly stop the epizootic process.

A large number of sensors are used to monitor the environment, and a large volume of spatio-temporal data on epizootic risks and the environment is processed in real time. To date, GIS data models are represented by static models and more modern time models. However, many of the epizootological and environmental data management systems do not meet the requirements of real-time data management. The purpose of the work is to propose, based on the analysis of foreign literature sources, a modern method for managing epizootological and environmental data based on a new GIS model in real time in comparison with the Sensor web service model.

Two experiments were conducted in the urban environment and on the territories of livestock farms with different epizootic situations for potential risk management in zoonoses. Real-time monitoring of air quality and real-time monitoring of soil moisture was carried out in Wuhan (China). The circulation of pathogens of zoonoses and sapronoses in the environment, including in the soil, and their preservation in the form of spores and hard-to-cultivate forms, determines the ecological component of emergent epizootics and epidemics with the coverage of new areas. Experimental results have shown that the use of the proposed GIS data model on the Sensor web service platform for managing epizootological/epidemiological and environmental data in real time is reliable and effective.

Ensuring epizootic well-being on the territory of the Russian Federation is an integral part of the concept of national security of the country. In order to implement plans to improve the epizootic situation in the Russian Federation, the National Association of Veterinary and Biological Industry Organizations (Association "Vetbioprom") was established.
The strategic goal of the enterprises belonging to the Association "Vetbioprom" is economic stability, the main goals and objectives are the development, improvement and introduction of promising domestic technologies in the field of veterinary medicine and immunobiotechnology, and the creation of new domestic immunobiological drugs for veterinary use.
The main goals and objectives of the enterprises that are members of the Vetbioprom Association are the development, improvement and implementation of promising domestic technologies in the field of veterinary medicine and immunobiotechnology, and the creation of new domestic immunobiological drugs for veterinary use.
The enterprises belonging to the Vetbioprom Association produce medicines for veterinary use, immunobiological preparations for diagnosing animal diseases, as well as disinfectants for veterinary use.
The potential of domestic enterprises, the available capacities today allow to increase production volumes and output for veterinary use by 1.5 2 times. In addition, all enterprises carry out innovative developments in the field of veterinary vaccines and are ready, subject to state support, to bring them into production and provide farmers with replacements for imported analogues.
The development of the domestic production of veterinary vaccines will contribute to the achievement of the national development goals of the Russian Federation and the implementation of a set of measures aimed at creating and implementing competitive domestic technologies based on the latest scientific achievements and ensuring the production of highquality medicines and diagnostics for veterinary use.

The use of robots for milking cows contributes to the emergence of an almost new technology, the main essence of which is the self-service of the animal. She leaves the cow the right to freedom of choice of the term and frequency of visits to the milking parlor. [2]

However, studies have shown that not all animals get used to milking by a robot quickly enough: 188 cows of the studied livestock went to milking 896 times, while 41 attempts were unsuccessful (4.6%), 2 cows never milked during the day. There are cows in the herd who do not want to go to milking on their own. The number of visits to the milking robot by one cow varied from 2 times a day (3.7%) to 8 times (3.2%). Most cows had 4-5 attempts. It is especially important to note that the maximum duration of milking one fraction out of four varied in different robots from 8 min 14 sec to 14 min 37 sec. The minimum time is from 0 to 6 min 45 sec. the number of such "zero" shares varied from 10.9% (1 robot) to 59% (4 robots). Therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of the use of robot milkers, it is necessary to carry out work on the assessment and selection of animals by temperament and by the uniformity of udder development.

During lactation, the structure of the organ and the composition of lymphoid cells change in the mammary gland. The change in the cells of the leukocyte series indicates a deep relationship between the immune system and the lactation process. The functioning of the mammary gland is under the influence of pituitary hormones and sex hormones, which change the cytological structure of the organ and the content of leukocytes in it. The studies were carried out on lactating rats. Were formed, one control group and two experimental groups of animals, 5 in each. Oxytocin was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.1 ml to rats of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups. The structure of the mammary gland and the composition of leukocyte cells were studied before the influence of oxytocin, 5 and 10 minutes after the administration of the hormone. The mammary glands were dissected and impression smears were prepared. The smears were stained and lymphoid cells were counted using optics. Under the influence of the hormones of the adenohypophysis, during the lactation period, the glandular tissue in the mammary gland replaces the adipose tissue. Insulin, growth hormone are able to increase the rate of DNA synthesis, stimulate mitotic activity, due to which the cell mass of the developing organ increases. With the development of structural components characteristic of a differentiated secretory cell, the structure of the alveolus is formed. Along with the differentiation of secretory cells in the alveolus, the formation of the functional activity of the myoepithelium occurs. A slight increase in the number of lymphocytes in the preparations of the control group of rats was revealed. Under the influence of the neurohypophysis hormone, the composition of immunocompetent blood cells changed. The introduction of intraperitoneal oxytocin, after 5 minutes, stimulated a significant increase in the number of lymphocytes, compared with the control group, from 16,20±3.42 to 37,80±2.63 (p<0.001). By the 10th minute, on the contrary, there was a significant decrease to 5,40±1.48 cells (p<0.001). Monocytes and a small number of neutrophils were also established. The lactation and pre-lactation periods directly affect the functioning of the immune system, changes in the composition of its cells in the mammary gland and their migration through the hemato-milk barrier into colostrum.

Intestinal diseases of newborn calves, including enterocolitis, are the most common diseases of the digestive system of young cattle. Diseases, as a rule, develop from the first days of life of animals. The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of some indicators of the humoral immunity of newborn calves, as well as to assess the state of metabolism, taking into account the inclusion of probiotics and lipoic acid preparations in the treatment regimen for animals with enterocolitis. Sick animals of the first group (experimental I), in addition to the treatment provided for on the farm (diet therapy and antibiotic therapy), before feeding were asked inside 100 ml of probiotic starter culture based on the Enterococcus faecium L3 strain; to regulate lipid metabolism, a 0.5% solution of lipoic acid was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 2 ml once a day for 10 days. Sick animals of the second group (experimental II) were treated according to the scheme used in the farm. In calves of the I experimental group, in comparison with the animals of the II group, a significantly higher level of glucose, triglycerides and total protein in the blood was established. The amount of cholesterol was slightly higher compared to the initial level, but significantly lower than in the animals of the second experimental group. As a result of immunological studies, it was found that the indicators of nonspecific protection in sick calves of I and II experimental groups at 1-2 days of age had no significant differences. However, at the age of 10 days in calves, the studied parameters differed from each other BASK in the II experimental group was 42.7 ± 2.0% lysis, in animals of the I experimental group -50.4 ± 2.3% lysis (P <0.01), activity of beta-lysines 30.7±1.9%-lysis and 51.1±4.9%-lysis, respectively (P<0.01). Lysozyme activity of blood serum in calves of II and I experimental groups did not differ (P>0.05), and was at the level of 5.0±0.5%lysis and 5.2±0.9%-lysis, respectively. In the course of the studies, a positive effect of a probiotic based on the strain of microorganisms Enterococcus faecium L3 and 0.5% lipoic acid solution was established.

The article presents the results of a routine examination of cows on the fifth day after calving for the content of betahydroxybutyric acid and glucose in the blood. Out of a total number of analyzes from 452 cows, results from 208 animals with elevated levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate were selected and grouped according to this indicator. An analysis of the ratio of the indicator with the level of glucose in the blood of cows was carried out and an inversely proportional relationship was found within the range of beta-hydroxybutyrate from 1.0 to 3.4 mmol/l. Further growth of BHB occurs in conjunction with the development of hypoglycemia. A decrease in glucose levels is the cause of not only the activation of ketogenesis, but also the triggering of protein proteolysis and gluconeogenesis based on amino acids. Therefore, an increase in the level of βhydroxybutyric acid to 3.65 ± 0.10 mmol/l is accompanied by an imaginary normalization of the glucose concentration, although this mechanism of glucose conversion is maintained due to an extremely undesirable process in this period protein catabolism. An increase in the BHB level above 4.0 mmol/l leads to uncoupling of gluconeogenesis and a decrease in glucose below the physiologically acceptable values. When conducting a correlation analysis, a strong negative relationship was found in the concentration range of β-hydroxybutyric acid (according to the average group values) from 1.20±0.01 to 3.20±0.11 (r= 0.97). In the study within the entire studied range from 1.20±0.01 to 4.80±0.17, the interaction strength decreases (r= -0.59).

The article presents the results of comparing the level of sex hormones estradiol, progesterone and testosterone in cows with normal and elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood during deep pregnancy and immediately after calving. A study was carried out on 20 cows, which, according to the results of the concentration of bilirubin in after calving, were divided into two groups: the first group included 8 animals with an increased level of it, the second group included 12 animals with a normal content of bilirubin. It was determined that hyperbilirubinemia is accompanied by a significant increase in the level of progesterone by 45,2% and testosterone by 52,1% in the first week after calving in comparison with animals that do not have high concentrations of bilirubin in the blood. In the absence of statistically significant differences at the beginning of the observation period 15-20 days before calving, both in the concentration of bilirubin and in the content of sex steroids in the blood, 3-8 days before calving, an increase in the level of bilirubin, progesterone and testosterone in group 1 by 43,0%, 48,0% and 19,4% than in group 2. Since progesterone and testosterone are precursors of estradiol in the process of ovarian steroidogenesis, the revealed ratio of sex steroids in the studied cows may indicate, on the one hand, a violation biosynthesis of the most important estrogen estradiol in liver pathology, but on the other hand, this may be a consequence of a slowdown in the catabolism of progesterone and testosterone with the participation of hepatic microsomal enzymes and conjugation processes.

The problem of urolithiasis and urostasis is widespread among small domestic animals (cats, dogs, etc.). Despite the introduction of new methods of treatment, diagnosis and prevention, attention to this pathology is growing every year. The main factors of this pathology are: an imbalance in the diet for protein and phosphorus, early castration, reduced activity, housing with insufficient walking or its complete absence, bacterial infections of the urinary system, etc. lead to the occurrence of urolithiasis among small domestic animals. This pathology is chronic, and in the absence of treatment and late contact of the owners to the veterinarian, it can result in serious complications (uremia, renal failure) and, in some cases, death of the animal. Given the severity of this problem, the search for new methods of treatment and prevention of urolithiasis is an urgent task. Even surgery does not solve this problem. As a result of external lithotripsy, there is a risk of recurrence and complications. Removal of uroliths from the urinary tract is not a guarantee of complete recovery. In order to reduce the re-formation of uroliths, complex preventive measures are carried out, including the elimination of causes. In our study, we studied the effect of the drug Melavit, containing buckwheat melanin as an active component, in the treatment of dogs and cats diagnosed with urolithiasis. It has been noted that melavite, when administered orally to dogs and cats, resulted in a reduction in the formation of urocystoliths such as struvite and mixed calculi.

Currently, about 90% of drug kinetics studies published in specialized veterinary journals are based on classical compartmental models. This contrasts with the situation in medical pharmacology, where non-compartmental analysis and alternative novel approaches are increasingly being used. These approaches are becoming increasingly important not only for characterizing drug distribution and concentration versus potency in therapeutic applications, but also for regulating the safety levels of chemicals in industrial settings and in animal products.

A compartment is considered open if it interacts with the environment, or closed if it does not interact. In pharmacokinetics, most models in use have at least one open compartment with first-order elimination.

The selection and analysis of scientific publications was carried out according to the recommendations of H. Snyder for writing review articles.

In English and Russian, in various bibliographic databases (Elibrary, Pubmed, Scopus(Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate)) thematic publications were searched by keywords with further highlighting the most cited ones. Articles published earlier than 2015 were used only if they contained information critical to the disclosure of the topic that was not found in later publications.

This publication summarizes the various approaches that are currently being used to analyze kinetic data and will stimulate interest in applying some of these new approaches to studying drug distribution in different animal species. Undoubtedly, without the use of alternative and/or new models, it would be difficult to improve our experimental approaches and understand the complex pharmacological differences between animal species.

Mycotoxins are a major food safety concern due to their adverse health and socio-economic implications not only in the Russian Federation but worldwide. The main regulatory documents that regulate the study of feed: GOST 10852-86. Oilseeds. Acceptance rules and sampling methods; GOST 12430-66. Agricultural products. Sampling methods during quarantine inspection and examination (as amended No. 1, 2); GOST 13586.3-83. Corn. Acceptance rules and sampling methods; GOST 27668-88. Flour and bran. Acceptance and sampling methods; GOST R ISO 6497-2011. Pet food. Sample selection.

After analyzing the literature data from both Russian and foreign databases, it was found that this topic on the creation of sorption complexes in the diets of farm animals is relevant for many authors and many countries.

The era of green nanotechnology, with its potential to use plant phytochemicals to produce nanomaterials, has greatly improved their safety for agricultural use as mycotoxin detoxifying agents. The combination of nanotechnology and plant extracts, as well as their phytochemicals, has shown significant results in the pharmacological, agricultural and cosmetic industries. Nanoencapsulated phytochemicals have shown strong efficacy over free form due to increased surface area, protecting the encapsulated compounds from internal and external environmental conditions.

The article provides an analysis of the effect of lead on the body of carp. The authors considered one of the criteria of lipid metabolism in fish – the concentration of total cholesterol. The level of cholesterol, which is an indispensable structural material for cell membranes, should be in the body within certain limits. The impact of heavy metals on the body of fish can lead to disruption of the functioning of many organ systems, as well as to a change in metabolism in one direction or another. The authors examined the effect of high MPC of lead on four experimental groups contained in solutions Pb (CH3COO)2 appropriate concentrations (0.06 mg/l, 0.6 mg/l, 6 mg/l, 60 mg/l). It has been shown that with an increase in the concentration of a toxic agent (lead acetate), the level of total serum cholesterol increases.

Metabolomics as a progressive tool for pharmaco-toxicological research is gradually proving its value in toxicity according to the strategy for making a chronological assessment of new and developing diseases. The aim of the new approaches is to use the most complete statistics to summarize information protocols using food safety protocol approaches, and to reduce the number of cases in biomodeling studies and time. The term "metabolomics" refers to the measurement of small molecules, which are the particular probability of biological systems (cells, tissues, organisms, etc.) at a particular point in time. The main purpose of the review is to give an idea of planning and a number of metabolic studies to use an arsenal of methodological approaches, incl. in arbitration toxicology.

The collection and analysis of scientific publications was carried out according to the recommendation of H. Snyder for writing review articles. In Russian, they are presented in various bibliographic databases (Elibrary, Pubmed, Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate)) later publications.

The need for a toxicological assessment of new cases identified highlights metabolomics as the most promising method for testing the safety of pharmaceutical substances. Metabolomic studies have a high potential to detect biomarkers that indicate the toxicity of natural compounds.

Recently, in the literature, there is often a mention of bioflavonoid hepatoprotectors. These include: silibinin, silidianin, silicristin, isosilibinin, etc.

In foreign sources, there is a mention of eugenol as a remedy that can be used as a choleretic and antitoxic agent. At present, in Russia, eugenol is used as an active antiseptic, and also has an analgesic effect.

Eugenol is a pale yellow liquid with an oily consistency and a spicy aroma, slightly acidic, slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, oils, ether and chloroform.

Rats (male, weight 200-250g) were injected with various doses of eugenol before the introduction of toxic doses of ethyl alcohol, according to the method. The drug was administered intragastrically. After 24 hours of fasting, the rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 6). The dose of eugenol was chosen based on our preliminary screening, and taking into account the rationale for the dose in the literature. All animals were examined in an hour, conducting a biochemical analysis of the main indicators reflecting the state of the liver (bilirubin, ALT, AST) by puncture of the tail vein. All values were measured as mean ± SD, data with p<0.05 were considered significant.

Studies have established that ethyl alcohol is a significant factor in gastric mucosal damage and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and general toxic condition. As a result of the study, it was also revealed that biochemical changes were minimal and tended to complete recovery, which indicates the presence of a hepatoprotective effect in the study drug.

In breeding work, a special role is given to the production, cultivation and use of highly productive animals, which provide the maximum economic income in the dairy cattle industry. The task of the research was to study the biological and economic characteristics, the characteristics of the lactation activity of highly productive holshtinized dairy cows.

The studied animal population with an average maximum lactation impact of 10,511 kg was divided by productivity level into 3 groups. As a result of the studies, it was established that for 5 years the productivity of herd cows is at a level exceeding 10 thousand kg of milk. There was also a significant advantage of group 3 animals over group 1 peers from 8 kg at the age of 10 months increased to 13 kg at the age of 12 months, earlier insemination and longer productive longevity. An analysis of the lactation activity of cows showed that already 1 lactation of cows of the 3rd group significantly exceeded the peers of the other two groups in terms of yield by 504 and 3023 kg. The inter-group differences in yield per 1 lactation were

1.6 and 6.8%, according to the average yield, they increased to 6.6 and 16.6%, and at the maximum to 15.7 and 34.6%.

Comparing the ratio of productivity of female ancestors of animals of three groups (the superiority of the maximum impact of the mother of the father over the maximum impact of the mother), it can be seen that animals of the 3rd group are obtained as a result of more homogeneous, and animals of the 1st group as a result of heterogeneous selection: the percentage of superiority is lower in them than in animals of the 1st group (38.8% and 57.3%).

One of the most important problems of modern ecology and protection of natural resources is the problem of formation, functioning and sustainability of ecosystems in urbanized territories. We conducted observations to assess the specific anthropogenic load in the city associated with people visiting recreational areas. The urban reservoirs of St. Petersburg have a high level of pollution with household and recreational garbage and a low level of pollution with industrial garbage. The total proportion of dead zooplankton in relation to live ones ranged from low (10.8%) to medium (46.2%), and in reservoirs with maximum indicators of garbage contamination, the proportion of dead zooplankton is higher.

By now biological additives are used in almost all branches of agriculture to improve the quality and safety of food products.

Fish is a perishable product due to its biochemical composition. One of the indicators of fish spoilage is the detection of hydrogen sulfide in samples. The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of the use of the drug "SmartBiotic", produced on the basis of humic acids, on the quality and safety of the fish products obtained, namely, the detection of free ammonia in the selected samples of rainbow trout. Three groups of rainbow trout fingerlings (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were formed to conduct the study. One group served as a control, and the other two were experimental subjects. The first experimental group of fingerlings received the drug at a concentration of 0.15%, and the second experimental group – at a dose of 0.25%. In the control group of rainbow trout, the drug "SmartBiotic" wasn’t used.

The global warming of the Arctic, the reduction of the Arctic sea ice cover, as a result of climate change, significantly affects the representatives of the walrus and polar bear populations. Anthropogenic factors play a leading role among the causes of global warming.

Changes associated with climate warming affect all elements of the ecosystem, while the impact may vary depending on the species and population. The main ones include: a decrease in the thickness and area of the ice cover and changes in the ambient temperature, migration, changes in the food chain food supply, predators, competitive species, the emergence of new infectious and invasive diseases, changes in the behavior (phenotype, genotype) of animals, which can have a huge impact on individual populations, so it is for the species as a whole. It is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of changes occurring in the populations of walrus and polar bear due to global climate warming and take timely measures to preserve these species of animals in the face of the threat of a decline in their populations.

The study of the arterial bed of the heart of small domestic animals is of high practical importance in veterinary practice and requires further development and study. The work was performed at the Department of Animal Anatomy, St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The material for the study was five corpses of Maine Coon cats, of which three cats (male) and two cats (females).

The methods for the study were fine anatomical preparation and making casts of heart vessels using Flexstep latex milk. According to the results of the study, it was found that the right subsinus artery in a Maine Coon cat is poorly developed and does not participate in anastomosis with the branches of the left paraconal artery in the region of the apex of the heart. In the region of the coronary sulcus, the right anastomotic branch departs from the right coronary artery, which is involved in closing the collateral path of blood supply to the heart of the Maine Coon cat. The blood supply to the heart of a Maine Coon cat is due to the right and left coronary arteries, but the right coronary artery and its branches are less developed compared to the left, which confirms that this cat breed has a left-coronal type of blood supply.

The mammalian pancreas is a gland of a mixed type of secretion. Its composition morphologically distinguishes two parts that perform different functions – exocrine and endocrine. In many diseases, there are pronounced disturbances in their work, which has a significant impact on the state of the body. Literature data concerning the microscopic organization of pancreatic tissues do not allow us to recreate a complete picture of its architectonics. The latter is necessary for understanding the physiological processes occurring in the body of animals and predicting the outcome of diseases associated with the defeat of this organ. Considering the above, we set a goal – to establish the features of the microstructural organization of the pancreas in a domestic pig. Pancreatic tissue samples obtained from five sexually mature meat-fed pigs at the age of eight months, during slaughter, were used for the research. The selected material was subjected to fixation in a 10.0% solution of neutral formalin during the day. Further processing of the selected samples in order to obtain histological sections of tissues was carried out according to generally accepted methods. based on histomorphological studies, it was found that the pancreas of a domestic pig by the type of its structure belongs to parenchymal organs, and by the type of its structural organization to complex alveolar-tubular glands. Two closely interacting parts were found in its composition. The first of them – exocrine – is represented by pancreatic acinuses and a system of excretory ducts. The second is endocrine – pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). At the same time, the exocrine part occupies a larger volume of the parenchyma of the organ, in comparison with the endocrine. Both of the above parts have clear morphological differences.

The study of the urinary organs of birds is of great practical importance when working in the field of poultry farming and makes it possible to improve the quality of the product obtained from poultry. Knowledge of the morphology of the urinary system in poultry is an important area for veterinary specialists. Kidney pathologies such as gout, nephritis, urolithiasis and neoplasia of various origins are a common problem in poultry farms. It is impossible to increase the productivity of poultry, as well as to carry out therapeutic and preventive measures without knowing its species and breed anatomical features. The work was performed at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. As the studied material, we used the corpses of Ross-308 cross broilers, aged 60 days in the amount of 10 pieces, 5 males and 5 females. The methods used for the study were fine anatomical dissection, morphometry and photographing. As a result of the study, we found that the length of the left kidney in males is 1.05 times greater than in females, and the length of the right kidney is 1.07 times. The width of the right kidney in males exceeds the females by 1.18 times, and the left – by 1.17 times. The girth of the right and left kidneys in males is 1.18 times greater than in females. We also found that in broilers of both sexes, the left kidney prevails over the right in size. On average, the left kidney is 1.02 times larger than the right one.

During the dry period, the udder tissues are renewed, which is necessary for subsequent lactation. According to many researchers, this period is the most favorable for the treatment and prevention of mastitis. The literature data concerning the microscopic organization of breast tissues in the dry period are sketchy and do not allow us to recreate a complete picture of its architectonics, which is necessary for understanding the physiological processes of lactation, as well as the competent organization of treatment and prevention of mastitis. Taking into account the above, we set a goal – to establish the features of the microstructural organization of the mammary gland of black-and-white cows in the dry period. For the study, udder tissue samples obtained by biopsy were used from five black-and-white cows located in the middle of the dry period. The material was fixed in a 10.0% solution of neutral formalin. Its further processing was carried out according to generally accepted methods. It was found that the mammary gland of the studied animals is an exocrine gland consisting of stroma and parenchyma. The stroma divides the organ into lobules and is represented by connective tissue. In its composition, neurovascular bundles are distinguishable, as well as milk channels, which are links of the ductal system of the gland. The lobules of the organ are filled with adipose tissue replacing glandular tissue, which is the result of post-lactation physiological involution. Also, non-functioning milk alveoli lined with a single layer of cubic lactocytes with no signs of secretory activity are detected in the lobules.

The article provides information on the formation and development of the Antonin Vasilievich Sinev Department of Internal Animal Diseases of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine over the past hundred years. The main scientific achievements of the department are presented and chronological information about its heads is given.