The article analyzes the data on the activities of the North-West Interregional Administration of Rosselkhoznadzor in the implementation of licensing of pharmaceutical activities in the field of circulation of medicines for veterinary use. The decision-making powers and results of work on blocking websites containing offers for the retail sale of medicinal products for veterinary use, including remotely, the retail sale of which is limited or prohibited, are considered.

The requirements for mandatory labeling of medicinal products for veterinary use were studied. The regulatory legal documents governing powers in the assigned area of activity and risk indicators of violation of mandatory requirements in the implementation of state control (supervision) in the field of circulation of medicinal products for veterinary use were studied.

The scientific article considers the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in veterinary medicine. AI is a set of algorithms and systems capable of processing data, identifying patterns and making decisions based on complex calculations, simulating human intelligence. In veterinary medicine, such systems allow: to increase the effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases; to optimize the work of a veterinary specialist; to automate the analysis of various data on livestock at the enterprise with the possibility of giving recommendations to increase its productivity; to predict the epizootic situation in the region; to provide recommendations on the application of regulatory and legal documentation in veterinary medicine.

Modern political realities force us to rely on the development of our own agricultural production in order to ensure the country's food independence. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to increase its production while increasing profitability. In industrial animal husbandry, the main reserve for the implementation of this task is to reduce the incidence of animals and obtain healthy offspring from them. In this regard, the development of inexpensive and effective ways of diagnosing treatment becomes relevant. This is of the greatest importance for a group of diseases characterized by a long latent period and erased symptoms, which include genital mycoplasmosis of cattle. The purpose of the research was to study the use of the antibacterial drug tulatromycin and its combination with the immunomodulator thymalin in pregnant cows with genital mycoplasma on the protein metabolism of their calves. To conduct the experiment, three experimental groups of calves from cows with genital mycoplasmosis were formed, calves from clinically healthy animals served as controls. The total protein, protein fractions, classes of immunoglobulins and their proportion in the globulin fraction were determined in all groups. During the experiment, it was found that calves from infected cows have pronounced dysproteinemia. The use of tulathromycin for the treatment of cows leads to a partial restoration of the content of immunoglobulins in their offspring, whereas the combination of both tulathromycin and thymalin applied to pregnant cows ensures the restoration of all studied indicators in calves born by them to the level of their healthy peers.

Due to the intensive development of industrial poultry farming, timely monitoring of infectious diseases of birds is an integral part of a set of measures that provides for the introduction into practice of diagnostic studies that meet the current level of scientific development.

The most relevant for industrial turkey breeding is the monitoring of particularly dangerous diseases (OIE list): Newcastle disease (ND), avian influenza (AI) and economically significant diseases of turkeys - hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys (HET), infectious encephalomyelitis of birds (IEB), respiratory mycoplasmosis and mycoplasmic synovitis caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM).

An analysis of the current state of research on this topic has shown that the development of diagnostic methods for immunosuppressive diseases of birds (hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys) is an urgent area in the Russian Federation [1]. In order to prevent an outbreak of this disease, which is from an economic and epizootological point of view one of the most dangerous for the turkey breeding industry, it is necessary to carry out diagnostic monitoring of livestock on a planned basis in order to monitor the well-being of the farm for this disease, and in case of early detection of hemorrhagic enteritis, take all necessary measures to prevent further spread and reduce damage which she could have inflicted.

That is why the purpose of our study is to develop a molecular biological method for diagnosing HET using the example of PCR in the classical version.

In the course of the work carried out, the least variable GEI protein was selected, as well as the correct primers, amplification stages and the composition of the PCR mixture for this protein. When setting up the reaction, a positive result was obtained. All delivered samples reacted in accordance with the expected results.

An information system that allows an epizootologist specialist at an automated workplace (AWP) to technically re-equip the process of collecting, processing and visualizing epizootological monitoring data using standardized symbols of veterinary significant objects is currently missing. The purpose of the research is to develop an algorithm for the Event Monitor extension module for epizootological monitoring to the universal GIS of the automated workplace of a veterinarian. The Module is called via the standard system menu or by pressing a button on the toolbar. Initially, the AWP user can register a new epizootic outbreak of infection / receive information about an already registered outbreak. Then it becomes possible to predict the development of the epizootic process and visualize the data obtained: the zone of the epizootic outbreak, the threatened zone; a list of enterprises; susceptible livestock; municipalities included in the epizootic outbreak; intersections of transport routes with the borders of municipalities located in the epizootic outbreak, on which veterinary and police posts should be established. The entered information and simulation results are added to the database and form a report that is output via the clipboard to an external text editor. Epizootic outbreaks of ASF were modeled to test the AWP module. A practical approbation of the AWP of an epizootologist veterinarian in the Gatchina district of the Leningrad region was carried out.

The authors present information about the effective of the use of local national vaccines against microsporia and trichophytia of dogs and cats for therapeutic and preventive purposes. The research work was carried out on base of the veterinary clinic «Vettal» in Moscow from 2013 to 2023. During the analyzed period veterinarians carried out 2,065 animal vaccinations against microsporia and trichophytia. Of these 1,263 dogs and cats were vaccinated for preventive purposes and 802 animals were vaccinated for therapeutic purposes, which are overwhelmingly represented by cats. The diagnosis of dermatomycosis was established on the basis of examination, laboratory and instrumental diagnostics. The phase contrast method microscopy was used for pathological material for the convenience of identifying pathogens of fungal diseases. For therapeutic purposes vaccination was carried out 2 or 3 times. The intervals between administration of the drugs were 10- 14 days. The evaluation criteria recovered animals were: absence of clinical manifestations on the body, negative luminescent diagnosis, repeated mycological sowing on nutrient media without growth of the pathogen. According to the results of the analysis, the authors found that after 2-fold vaccination of animals diagnosed with microsporia/trichophytia, recovery occurred in 66.32% of sick cats and 87.27% of sick dogs; after 3-fold vaccination, recovery occurred in 84.71% of cats and 95.45% of dogs. According to the results of a survey of doctors with more than ten years of experience and accounting documents, 100% effectiveness of preventive vaccination of cats and dogs with domestic antifungal vaccines has been established, subject to compliance with the vaccination regime. Thus carrying out preventive and curative vaccinations in dogs and cats with local national specialized vaccines against microsporia and trichophytia is a highly effective and safe method of combating eooanthroponous dermatomycosis.

In the period from 2022 to 2024, work was carried out to study the frequency of leishmaniasis invasion in the dog population of farms in the Shirak, Armavir, Ararat and Syunik marzes (regions) of Armenia. The Quantum GIS (QGIS) program was used to visualize the spread of leishmaniasis data. It was found that in the period from 2022 to 2024, leishmaniasis in the dog population was more often recorded in animals in the farms of the Shirak marz (region), the EI was 97.6% and 57%, respectively. The EI of leishmaniasis in the dog population of farms in the Armavir marz (region) was 92.1% and 30.3%. The EI of leishmaniasis in the dog population of farms in the Ararat marz (region) was 82.1% and 36.6%. The EI of leishmaniasis in the population of dogs of farms of Syunik marz (region) was -65.2% and 52%. Geoinformation systems help specialists of veterinary and sanitary services to systematize and visualize, in the form of digital maps, the spatial data obtained during the work, which makes it possible to develop and improve veterinary and preventive measures to combat leishmaniasis in order to improve the epizootic situation in the region.

Acute phase proteins are the main tool for assessing the nature of the inflammatory process, monitoring treatment and part of the indicator of the internal state of animals in diseases of various origins. One of the most famous in diagnostic practice is the determination of the content of fibrinogen in the blood. Determination of the level of ceruloplasmin in veterinary medicine for diagnostic purposes is not so common, but it is an important marker of inflammation in the body. The aim of the study is to determine the content of ceruloplasmin and fibrinogen in cattle with catarrhal mastitis. Studies were conducted in Holstein cows divided into two groups: 1st - clinically healthy animals (n = 20) and 2nd - with signs of catarrhal mastitis (n = 20). The amount of ceruloplasmin was determined by Ravin's method. Fibrinogen concentration was determined by the Rutberg method. As a result of studies, a significant increase in ceruloplasmin was found in animals of the second group 694.75 ± 98.88 mg/l compared to clinically healthy animals 426.56 ± 25.59 mg/l. The level of ceruloplasmin in mastitis was increased due to the fact that the mammary gland is one of the sources of ceruloplasmin production in the body, and leukocytes migrating to the focus of inflammation are also the source of this protein. Fibrinogen content in patients was 6.77 ± 0.9 g/l versus 3.55 ± 0.6 g/l in healthy patients. An increase of the fibrinogen in animals with catarrhal mastitis confirms that inflammation make disorders in the coagulation and anticoagulation systems of the blood towards an increased tendency to thrombosis. Thus, the determination of the contents of the acute phase proteins in blood, such as ceruloplasmin and fibrinogen, is an important diagnostic tool for assessing the state of the body, and also indicates the nature of the process in the body.

The aim of this work is to analyze scientific and practical data on protocols for cryopreservation of sperm of breeding goats and the effectiveness of their use. Numerous studies have established that seasonality is a characteristic reproductive function, with the greatest sexual activity observed in the autumn-winter period [1]. Goat sperm has the following species-specific features: sperm membranes contain a high level of unsaturated fatty acids, while the cytoplasm of cells, on the contrary, contains an insignificant amount of antioxidant compounds. In connection with these spermatozoa, especially strong lipid peroxidation induced by free radicals (hydroxyl radicals, UK peroxide), which cause structural damage to sperm membranes during freezing-thawing or storage in a cold state at 2-4 ° C [25, 26]. Taking these facts into account, an effective cryopreservation protocol, according to the results of numerous studies, is additional filtration of sperm for effective removal of accessory sex gland secretion, use of a diluent without egg yolk, cooling at 4-5 °C for 1.5-4 hours, packing in 0.25 - 0.5 ml straws. When using 0.5 ml straws, freezing is carried out in two stages: in liquid nitrogen vapor at a height of 4 cm for 5 minutes, then further immersion in liquid nitrogen. When using 0.25 ml straws, freezing is carried out in three stages: perforated glasses are placed 16 cm above the liquid nitrogen level for 2 minutes, then 4 cm for 3 minutes, after which they are completely immersed in liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.

Trichobezoars are hairballs that form in the stomach. Trichobezoar is a common pathology in decorative rabbits, without proper treatment, leading to the death of the animal. There are a number of opinions on the choice of treatment for this disease. Our research was to study and analyze clinical cases with a diagnosis of trichobezoar of decorative rabbits (n-15) to determine the criteria that help to choose a treatment method or conservative or surgical. This article reflects the importance of obtaining a complete anamnesis, the main clinical symptoms observed during a general examination, dental diseases that could also cause trichobezoar formation are identified, the need for hematological and biochemical analysis to assess the general condition of animals and exclude the causes of other non-specific clinical symptoms is considered. Additional research methods of ultrasound and X-ray diagnostics are used. Significant changes were noted towards an increase in ALT 96-144 U/L, urea 6.9-23.5 mmol/L, leukocytes 14-98 10*9 μl/L and a decrease in these indicators after infusion therapy - ALT 73.1-102.93 U/L, urea 5.2-11.3 mmol/L, leukocytes 9.2-89 10*9 μl/L, the need for infusion therapy was confirmed. Conservative drug treatment was performed in rabbits (n-7), surgical treatment in the volume of gastrotomy in rabbits (n-8). In each group, 2 deaths were observed due to the severe condition of the animals at the time of treatment. In the course of the work, the significance of the results of hematological studies, the use of ultrasound and X-ray diagnostics, their priority, the need to monitor the condition of rabbits for two weeks after the treatment were determined. Criteria were identified that can be used to select a method of treating this disease - conservative or surgical. The prognosis of the outcome of any selected treatment method is the general condition of the rabbit at the time of its initiation. The importance of aspects constituting the prevention of trichobezoar was noted.

The world experience of using the secret of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in respiratory diseases of animals, including in the dynamics of experimental lung damage, is analyzed. Of scientific and practical interest is the use of drugs based on the secret of MSC in veterinary medicine. In particular, the horse is a unique translational model for studying the effectiveness of MSCs in three important areas: asthma, skin hypersensitivity and osteoarthritis. The work is based on a systematic review of methods and results of the use of the secret of mesenchymal stromal cells in cardio-respiratory pathology of animals and humans. Some clinical observations and promising scientific and practical directions for the study of MSC preparations in equestrian medicine are presented. Bronchial hypersensitivity, hyperproduction of bronchial mucus (genetically or spontaneously) and impaired mucociliary clearance are recognized as key links in the pathogenesis of asthma in both humans and horses. The trigger mechanism is usually viral damage with irreversible loss of respiratory epithelium and the formation of hypersensitivity to any of the five known types. Regardless of the leading environmental factors, bronchial mucus is contaminated with saprophytic bacteria. This is just one of the reasons for the activity of proinflammatory factors to remain at a fairly high level. These processes and conditions attract neutrophils and other immunocompetent cells in lung tissue, which ensures the incompleteness of the inflammation process. It is shown that the leading clinical marker of equine asthma worldwide is primarily recognized as exercise intolerance. Cough, respiratory noises, mixed dyspnea, abdominal type of breathing are clinical manifestations of typical pathophysiological processes that provide obstruction of broncho-alveolar structures.

The purpose of the study is to establish the importance of therapeutic and preventive measures in the elimination of non –communicable diseases of cattle, based on the data of summary reports on their detection and explanatory notes to them for 2022-2023, provided by the State Budgetary Institution "St. Petersburg Mining Station". In the process of conducting research using empirical (internal qualitative and quantitative analyses) and theoretical (classification, specification, analogy, generalization and comparison) methods, an analysis of statistical reporting on form No. 2-vet "Information on non-communicable animal diseases" covering agricultural organizations of St. Petersburg was carried out. It has been established that an increase in the volume of therapeutic and preventive measures carried out by veterinary specialists can significantly reduce the incidence of animal pathologies of non-infectious origin. First of all, this concerns medical examination, which allows timely identification and elimination of etiological factors that cause their occurrence.

The article describes the technique of performing an endoscopic examination of the respiratory system in 24 patients. Indications for the study were any deviations from normal breathing, the presence of cough or spontaneous reverse sneezing, parenchymal diseases (alveolar, interstitial), noisy or labored breathing in brachycephalic breeds, as well as for assessing dynamic disturbances in the caliber of the respiratory tract in patients with clinical signs indicating this (cough like "goose cackle"). All patients belonged to different age groups and did not contact each other. The patient was positioned ventrally on the table, the table had a longitudinal slope from the endoscopist, i.e. the patient's head was slightly higher than the back of the body. The position of the examined animals "on the stomach" was used, which is considered generally accepted, in order to avoid any possible gravitational effects on the respiratory system. During the examination, the tracheal bifurcation was assessed for pathological changes (expansion, compression, mucosal infiltration, collapse, etc.), and then all lobar bronchi and as many segmental and subsegmental bronchi as possible were assessed (the latter, accessible for examination, vary depending on the diameter of the bronchoscope used and the patient's size). The picture in healthy dogs was V-shaped, with no signs of compression of the main bronchi or bronchial collapse. In the presence of inflammatory processes, these structures acquired a U-shape, usually accompanied by deterioration in the visibility of the vessels of the submucosal layer. The information content of the data obtained during bronchoscopy, in comparison with other methods of diagnosing respiratory diseases, can be considered one of the most preferable and justified methods, over other diagnostic methods.

The article presents the results of studying the effectiveness of VetAsepRan ointment in treating ulcerative lesions in the hooves of cattle. The experimental studies were conducted at ENVOL LLC, Melekessky District, Ulyanovsk Region. Clinical assessment of orthopedically affected animals was assessed using the lameness scoring system developed by D. J. Sprecher, D. E. Hostetler and J. B. Kaneene (1997). The study was divided into 2 experimental groups: the control group (n=10) and the experimental group (n=10). After surgical lavage of the purulent-necrotic lesion and treatment with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, VetAsepRan ointment was applied locally in the experimental group, while Levomekol ointment was used in the control group. All animals were bandaged and special tape was applied on top to prevent liquids from getting in. Digital planimetry was used to monitor the healing process, using the AnalyRan program. The dynamics of reduction of ulcer defect area (Yt) and healing rate index (Iv), as well as Popova index (ΔS) were determined. Planimetric studies of cows were carried out on days 1, 7 and 14 after the start of treatment. In the course of the study, clinical and planimetric data were established on healing of ulcer defects in the hoof area of cows. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the use of Ve-tAsepRan ointment contributed to the recovery of orthopedically diseased animals on average by 11.6±0.37 days, compared to control animals by 13.7±0.56 days. The results of planimetric studies showed the intensity of healing processes in the experimental group.

The work is devoted to the study of the leukocyte profile of blood in animals with orthopedic diseases. Experimental studies were conducted at the Khmelevskoye LLC, Melekessky District, Ulyanovsk Region, during orthopedic medical examination. To achieve the goal set in the work, we formed 2 groups of animals: Group 1 - clinically healthy cows (n = 5). Group 2 - orthopedic diseases (n = 5). Blood samples were taken from all animals before morning feeding, the concentration of leukocytes was studied in the SIMPSON veterinary clinic (Samara) using a Mindray BC-30Vet hematological veterinary analyzer. The leukocyte formula of cattle blood was determined using Philipson staining, and based on the obtained data on the “white blood” parameters, the leukocyte indices were calculated: Garkavi Index, Breddeck Index, Krebs Index, Leukocyte Intoxication Index according to Ya.Ya. Kalf-Kalif, Leukocyte Intoxication Index according to V.K. Ostrovsky, Blood Leukocyte Shift Index, Lymphocyte-Granulocyte Index, Allergization Index according to V.S. Tikhonchuk, Neutrophil and Monocyte Ratio Index according to Zh.G. Mustafina.

As a rule, much attention is paid to injuries of the tendon-ligament apparatus of horses used in various types of equestrian sports. And often diagnostics of injuries of the musculoskeletal system is carried out. However, absolutely undeservedly, in the diagnosis of injuries of the musculoskeletal system little attention is paid to ultrasound. As a rule, to obtain the most complete information about the state of the musculoskeletal system, it is necessary to combine these 2 research methods. Ultrasound makes sense to carry out both in the diagnosis of diseases of the tendon-ligament apparatus and in the diagnosis of joint diseases, because it is important to remember that the joint consists not only of articular surfaces, but also of a capsule with synovial membranes, joint cavity, joint ligaments - all these structures require a comprehensive assessment. Earlier, we found that horses training in equestrian distance endurance on hilly terrain have predominantly periosteal reactions at the attachment points of the joint ligaments. We then decided to conduct a study of musculoskeletal injuries in comparison in different types of equestrian sports. In our opinion, endurance riding is of the greatest interest, since this type of equestrian sport in the North-West region is younger than show jumping and dressage. As a result of the studies, it was concluded that diseases of the musculoskeletal system differ in different disciplines, and there are also similarities.

The article presents data on the study of the effect of regional anesthesia of the nerves of the pelvic limb during operations on the anterior cruciate ligament in dogs on hemodynamic parameters: heart rate and average blood pressure. The study was performed throughout the entire surgical intervention. Indicators of the state of circulatory function were recorded before anesthesia, after induction and after 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 minutes after the injection of a local anesthetic, then 10 and 20 minutes after waking up. Depending on the method of anesthesia used, the experimental animals were divided into 4 groups. In the course of the study, it was found that the heart rate in dogs significantly increased, and the average blood pressure decreased when performing surgery on the anterior cruciate ligament under epidural anesthesia and multimodal analgesia in comparison with the group where dogs underwent anesthesia of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh. Such dynamics of indicators can lead to inhibition of circulatory function, which increases the risk and probability of resuscitation during reconstructive knee joint operations.

The most common orthopedic pathology on the thoracic extremities in service dogs of different breeds are bone growth pathologies in the area of the zygopodium. The objects for the study were intact service dogs of different breeds. The research was conducted at the TrustVet Veterinary Clinic and at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. As a result of the study, it was found that the most optimal method for shortening the ulna, as a method of surgical treatment of short radius syndrome, is distal ostectomy at the age of up to 6 months inclusive. Distal ostectomy with destruction of the interosseous membrane after the age of 6 months and up to 10 months will have similar results as in the age group under 6 months. However, such a statement can be true only if there is no osteoarthritis and other severe damage to the elbow joint. The study also resulted in the development of a number of recommendations for the treatment and prevention of incongruence in the elbow joint: we recommend that in all cases of shortening of the ulna and radial incongruence in the elbow joint without concomitant angular deformities of the bones in all age groups indicated in our study, distal ostectomy should be performed due to the best results after its implementation; the most optimal age for surgical The treatment is under the age of 6-7 months; it is recommended to conduct a preventive orthopedic examination with X-ray examination at the age of 6 to 7 months, since often in the age group of patients of 8-10 months, a routine examination reveals lameness of the 1st – 2nd degree, X-ray signs of chronic osteoarthritis of the elbow joint, fragmentation of the medial coronary process; it is recommended to perform a dynamic oblique proximal ostectomy of the ulna.

Escherichiosis occupies a leading place in infectious pathology in pig farming. Infection of animals in the neonatal and postnatal periods is too high [1].

It has been proven that in piglets in the early period, most strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli produce a thermostable enterotoxin, which, as a result of binding to receptors, leads to dehydration of the body, up to a fatal outcome. Early weaning from the mother, as well as the absence of specific antibodies in the mother's milk, prevents the formation of lactogenic immunity [3].

Despite the fact that modern measures have been developed to combat intestinal infections, this disease causes great economic losses. And the use of antibacterial drugs is an essential measure. The purpose of our trials was to comparatively determine the clinical efficacy of the semi-synthetic penicillins amoxicillin and amoxicillin in combination with succinic acid in the treatment of pigs with colibacteriosis. 80 piglets of a large white breed took part in the experiment.

Therapy was received according to the following scheme: the first control group (sick animals) received the drug Amoxicillin at a dose of 0.02 g; the second experimental group (sick animals) received the drug Amoxyantar AVZ at a dose of 0.0175 g, the third control group (sick animals) did not receive the drug and served as a control; the fourth reference group (healthy animals). Animals of the first and second control groups took the drug for five days with food per kg of animal body weight.

As a result of the use of the drugs Amoxicillin and Amoxyantar AVZ, it should be noted that the drug Amoxyantar at a dose of 0.0175 g per kg of animal body weight turned out to be more effective in the treatment of piglets with colibacteriosis, as evidenced by the dynamics of clinical signs, negative bacteriological results of faecal samples, as well as blood biochemistry indicators. This can be attributed to the fact that succinic acid is included in the composition of the drug. Due to it, there is an increase in the sensitivity of microorganisms to amoxicillin, there is also an increase in the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane and an increase in the contact area of the active substance with microorganisms.

The article presents studies on the effect of the adsorbent preparation "Toxo-bond" on some hematological and biochemical indices of the blood of broiler chickens infected with fusariotoxicosis. In particular, as a result of hematological, biochemical and microbiological studies conducted by researchers in fusariotoxicosis of chickens, a significant therapeutic effect of the adsorbent preparation "Toxo-bond" was noted. An increase in the amount of hemoglobin, leukocytes. An increase in the level of glucose and total protein in the body of chickens receiving the drug, compared with birds of the sick and control groups. It was found that the hematological and biochemical indices of the blood of chickens in the experimental group were higher than in the control group of patients, and lower than the control level of healthy chickens, which also indicates the hematopoietic effect of the drug.

The urgency of the problem of microbial resistance to antibacterial drugs is growing every year, although national programs have been developed to curb antibiotic resistance in a number of countries around the world. From May to November 2024, we monitored antibiotic resistance by analyzing the sensitivity of various microorganisms isolated from various cavities and mucous membranes from 93 unproductive animals in a veterinary clinic in St. Petersburg. According to the results of the analysis, data were obtained confirming the growth of resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial agents. Isolated from animals, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was resistant to penicillins, lincosamides, cephalosporins, amphinecols, aminoglycosides, macrolides, Staphylococcus epidermidis was resistant to penicillins, lincosamides, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamide preparations, Klebsiella pneumoniae to beta-lactam antibiotics, Escherichia coli to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides, Enterococcus faecalis to fluoroquinolones, Enterococcus faecium to penicillins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. During the monitoring of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms in a veterinary clinic, it can be concluded that irrational antibiotic therapy is a serious problem that leads to an increase in antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. Antibacterial drugs play an important role in the treatment of various diseases, which can significantly reduce the risk of complications and improve the quality of life of patients. However, the effectiveness of these drugs directly depends on the dose, frequency and duration of administration.

The development of veterinary science is unthinkable without the development of veterinary pharmacy. Due to the withdrawal from the market of a number of foreign companies producing veterinary drugs, on the one hand, there is tension in the quality of provision of some veterinary drugs, and on the other hand, there is an opportunity to increase their competence in this area themselves. We have analyzed scientific publications, educational publications and the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation in order to compare the aspect of veterinary and medical pharmacy. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the development of formulas, and then the use of the same medicinal, preventive and disinfecting substances in veterinary and medical practice has an undoubted advantage in terms of saving financial investments in the production and testing of the drug. Nevertheless, the difference in the clinical trial of drugs for medical and veterinary use is significant. To expand the production of veterinary drugs, specialists with pharmaceutical veterinary education are currently required.

The purpose of this work is to calculate the parameters of acute inhalation toxicity of the low-temperature insecticide smoke generator SMOK insect®, as well as to establish its hazard class. The active ingredient in the generator is the synthetic pyrethroid cyflutrin.

The research was conducted on the basis of the vivarium and the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Examination of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine.

The object of the study was 5 groups of laboratory rats of the Wistar line (4 experimental and 1 control). There were 6 animals in each group (3 females and 3 males).

The animals were inhaled with the active substance of low-temperature SMOK insect® generators. Each of the four experimental groups received the following doses of the drug according to DV: 1 – 0.5 mg / l, 2 – 2 mg/ l, 3 – 10 mg/ l, 4 – 20 mg/ l, respectively. The control group did not receive the drug.

As a result of the experiment, no dead animals were identified in group 1. In the 2nd group, 1 rat died, in the 3rd - 2, in the 4th all animals died.

During the experiment, respiratory depression and asphyxia were noted in animals. The irritating effect of the drug on the mucous membranes was revealed.

As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that the drug SMOK insect® belongs to the 3rd hazard group (moderately dangerous substances) in accordance with State Standard 32646-2014.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying the health of companion animals, particularly cats. The British cat breed, due to its interior and behavioral characteristics, is a popular choice as a pet. According to the CFA (Cat Fanciers’ Association is an international organization for the breeding and development of new breeds of cats. It is one of the nine members of the WCC - World Felinological Congress), the British cat breed is in third place in the list of the most popular breeds in the world, which makes the study of the dynamics of age-related population variability in the interior parameters of this breed especially relevant in the field of veterinary medicine for the timely detection of possible diseases, the occurrence of pathologies and the provision of necessary veterinary care.

Biochemical indicators, such as the concentration of albumin, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, calcium and blood glucose levels, play a key role in assessing the health of animals, reflecting the condition of the internal organs and body systems as a whole. Using these parameters, one can judge the quality of the functional activity of the kidneys, liver, hematopoietic and cardiovascular systems.

Age-related changes in these indicators often are not taken into account by veterinary specialists when analyzing the results of the study and subsequent diagnosis, which often leads to an erroneous conclusion about the health of the animal and, as a result, to the appointment of treatment that is not necessary. In this regard, there is a need to understand the differences between pathological changes in these biochemical parameters in the blood and physiological ones associated with the age of the animal.

This article presents the results of a study that describes the features of the age-related dynamics of biochemical blood parameters in British breed cats from St. Petersburg felinological clubs in the post-analytical stage of biochemical studies, which is an integral part of the anamnesis and is important in making a diagnosis and monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment.

The article discusses a new direction in poultry farming - the production of gherkin chickens in comparison with the raising of broiler chickens on private farms. It has been established that the production of gherkins is more profitable in terms of economic indicators. Gherkins are also less susceptible to the development of infectious avian diseases due to their short growing period and often do not require the use of vaccines and therapeutic drugs to correct their condition. That is, gherkin meat is a dietary product for people.

Observations of several batches of gherkin chickens, numbering 0.5 - 2 thousand birds, raised in private farms in the Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions showed that many of them were raised without the use of vaccines and medications. However, there is practically no guarantee of success in such production. Therefore, the development of a set of veterinary measures for raising gherkin chickens is an urgent task.

The intensity of modern pig farming requires a continuous search for methods to maintain and improve the achieved production indicators and the high health status of animals. The use of various forms of feed additives, including probiotic complexes, can partially solve this problem. Some probiotic strains of bacteria are able to have a preventive effect on the occurrence of pathologies of bacterial or viral origin, they also have a positive effect on the course of metabolic processes of the body. In addition, the use of probiotic complexes in one form or another is less expensive than the use of specific antibacterial or antiviral agents.

Our goal was to study the effect of various doses of the probiotic «LiquaFid» on the reproductive ability of sows before farrowing and during lactation. «LiquaFid» is a probiotic complex based on unique spore strains of Bacillus megaterium B –4801 and Bacillus subtilis 1-85 microbes, externally it is a well-soluble powder in water. For the experiment, 4 groups of analogues (n=34) from sows were formed. The experiment was carried out at a full-cycle enterprise engaged in industrial pig farming. The duration of the experience is 33 days. The probiotic complex was given to animals through a water supply system common to breeding stock and young animals.

Based on the data obtained from the results of the experiment, it was found that the use of the probiotic «LiquaFid» to uterine livestock immediately before farrowing and during lactation reduced the incidence and severity of the course of obstetric pathologies that arose. Thus, the number of postpartum diseases decreased by 5.89% and 14.71% in the experimental groups, and the incidence of mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome, against the background of probiotic use, decreased several times. Due to a decrease in the manifestation of symptoms of dysgalactia, the indicator of suckling of sows has also improved. The production indicators of the obtained young animals in the experimental groups also differed in a positive way. The output of "business" piglets increased by 1.34%, 4.69% and 5.53%, while the live weight of piglets by weaning age also increased.

In 2021, an experiment was conducted in the vivarium of the FNC VNITIP RAS on three groups of broiler chickens of the Smena 8 cross with the use of a mineral supplement in the form of L-asparaginates in the amount of 10% and 20% of the accepted OMEC standards in the diets. At the end of the experiment, at the age of 35 days, poultry was slaughtered and intestinal samples were taken for research. According to the data obtained, a rich variety of lactobacilli was noted in the intestinal microbiome of broilers of all experimental groups, but their total proportion, along with bifidobacteria and bacilli, was small. At the same time, in the microbial community of the intestines of chickens of the third group, which received 20% of the mineral supplement from the accepted norms of OMEC in the diet, in comparison with the first and second groups, there was a confident tendency to increase the listed representatives of the normoflora. The proportion of cellulolytic bacteria in the microbial community of the intestines of chickens of all groups was high (72.78% - 95.12%), which compensates for the lack of representatives of the normoflora, is an indicator of the actively occurring processes of fiber breakdown and improved digestion.

According to analysts, due to increased consumer demand, from the beginning of the 21st century, poultry production will increase many times by 2030. The planned regulated economy of Belarus, strict adherence to technological norms and rules, uninterrupted supply of poultry with complete feed and high personal responsibility of labor collectives have made it possible to achieve high levels of egg and poultry meat production. The share of the meat market in Belarus is 39.0% owned by poultry products, which have displaced such industries as pig breeding, horse breeding and sheep breeding. With a relatively low number of farm birds of 49.9 million birds, it became possible to achieve the following high results. Meat production per capita in 2023 was 139 kg, with consumption of 101 kg, i.e. an additional 27.3% of meat was produced. At the same time, of the indicated volume, 54.5 kg is poultry meat. The annual overproduction of meat at the level of 20-30% allows us to have additional profits from its sale in markets near and far abroad. A similar situation is developing in egg poultry farming. Over the past year, the production of edible eggs per capita in Belarus amounted to 375 pieces, but their consumption does not exceed 272 pieces. Additional produced products in the amount of 27.5% were sold, first of all, to the market of the Russian Federation, and then to China and other countries. The selection of countries for poultry exports was primarily based on statistical information on per capita production levels. Thus, timely analysis of statistical information makes it possible to regulate investments and predict the profitability of the production of eggs and poultry meat and, if necessary, promptly provide producers with new sales markets without allowing excessive overproduction of livestock (poultry) products.

Violations of animals keeping and feeding conditions, especially dairy cows, lead to decrease in their productivity and deterioration in the quality of milk. The study of the complex use of probiotics effect on the microbiocenosis state of the cowshed and on the physiological state of black-and-white dairy cow organism. Against the background of the cowshed premises treating with the "Multi-25" complex containing thermophilic bacteria, a complex of bacteria of the genus Bacillus was fed to lactating cows at a concentration of 1×1010 CFU/gram, as well as mineral complex of natural origin and fermented soybean meal. As a result, the absence of a group of E. coli bacteria (coliform bacteria) was established in the places where flushes were taken in the room where cows of the experimental group were kept, as well as an average daily increase in milk productivity by 2.65 liters and obtaining better quality milk: the fat content was 0.8%, and protein 5.97% higher in comparison with the control group. Protein and mineral metabolism improvement was noted in the body of the experimental group cows.

Feeding calves during the dairy period is a very important and responsible moment, since it is during this period that the intensive growth and development of animals, the formation of the immune system, and the reserve for future productivity take place. Therefore, diets should be balanced not only in terms of the nutritional value of the main components, but also in terms of vitamin and mineral composition. Very often, in order for the diet to be balanced in biologically active substances, various feed additives are used, the effectiveness of which varies. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to evaluate the possibility of using and study the effect of liposomal feed additives on the growth and safety of calves. The research was conducted in one of the farms of the Leningrad region. The duration of the experiment was 60 days. During the study period, the drug "LipoLad" was introduced into the diet of experimental animals in the form of a feed additive, the animals of the control group received the main diet of the dairy period. The dynamics of changes in live weight were determined by the results of weighing calves at the ages of 2 and 4 months, in addition, the effectiveness of the drug was checked by the safety of young animals during the study period. At the end of the experiment, biochemical blood tests were performed. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the use of liposomal feed additives has a positive effect on the growth and safety of young animals.

The article deals with the problem of pollution of freshwater reservoirs by micro- and macroplastics arising during the decomposition of plastic waste. Special attention is paid to the appearance of microplastics in lakes of specially protected areas, in particular, in lakes of the Valdai National Park. As a result of reconnaissance studies, microplastic particles were found in lakes used for fisheries and recreational purposes. There is no contamination by polymer microparticles in the lakes of the protected area.

Research conducted at the St. Petersburg State University of Marine Sciences shows that microplastic particles are found in most fish food packages, this amount is not large, but over the period of existence of the fishery site, a significant amount of plastic particles accumulates in the water and bottom sediments, which is a source of secondary pollution of the reservoir. As a result of reconnaissance studies, microplastic particles were found in lakes used for fishery and recreational purposes. Only lakes Bolshoe and Maloe Yaichko are free of microplastics, which is due to their protection regime and inaccessibility.

The article presents the results of studying the effect of single and repeated defrosting on the nutritional value of meat. Meat of slaughtered animals and poultry is one of the indispensable sources of high-grade protein, the nutritional value of which depends on the content of proteins, fats and moisture in it. In accordance with the current Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, special attention is currently being paid to the rational use of meat and other slaughter products. However, falsification of meat by thermal condition is often found in the retail network. Thawed meat loses its original taste and culinary properties due to profound changes occurring in the cells of muscle tissue. Such raw materials should be sent for industrial processing.

The purpose of the research was to study the specific features of protein, fat and moisture content in poultry meat, slaughtered and commercial animals, as well as to assess the effect of single and repeated defrosting on the nutritional value of meat.

The research was conducted at the educational and Research Center for the examination of food and animal feed of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The materials for the study were samples of meat from different species of animals and poultry.

The research was conducted in stages. At the first stage, the nutritional value of the chilled meat was determined, at the next stage, the meat was once defrosted, and at the third stage, the meat was repeatedly defrosted. The determination of the nutritional value of meat samples was carried out using the infrared analyzer InfraLUM FT-12.

As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the nutritional value of meat depended on the specific characteristics of the protein, fat and moisture content in poultry meat, slaughtered and commercial animals.

The greatest loss of nutritional value occurred in re-defrosted meat compared to meat subjected to a single defrosting. The loss of protein, fat and moisture also depended on the type of meat.

Clary catfish are distinguished by their unique biology and specific development, as they are able to move on land and breathe atmospheric air for a long time. Living in water and on land can affect the microstructure of the eye structure, since it is known that the organs of vision of animals in different habitats have their own specifics.

Due to the poorly studied organs of vision in Clarias gariepinus, we set out to use different dyes to study the microstructure of the eye in the early periods of ontogenesis and determine the most effective methods of histological staining.

The object of the study was the fry of the marbled catfish at the age of 14 days. The material for making histological sections was the organs of vision of Clarias gariepinus. Staining was carried out in two ways: with Gill hematoxylin and eosin alcohol solution, and we also tried out Mallory's staining.

The results of our research have confirmed the data of other authors that the process of formation of all layers of the organ of vision occurs at the stage of pre-larvae. Already on the second day, active eye mobility and the reaction of the visual apparatus to light were recorded in experimental fish. The cornea of the eyes is flat, which is typical for aquaculture facilities. The microstructure of the eye is represented by clearly distinguishable layers on the 14th day after hatching. On the longitudinal section of the micropreparation, when stained with hematoxylin Gill and 1% alcohol solution of eosin, the actual vascular membrane of the retina of the eye, consisting of loose fibrous connective tissue, is visible. The outer layer of the retina is represented by rods and cones, which contain bipolar neurons, as well as a photosensitive pigment, which is clearly distinguished when stained with hematoxylin by Mallory.

When assessing the impact of various drugs (including feed additives), information on their effect on the proliferation of cells in the immunogenesis organs is very important. The feed additive was administered orally using an atraumatic probe in the form of a powder suspension for 90 days: the first group of rats served as a control, they were given tap water and compound feed; animals of the second experimental group received tap water with a feed additive in the form of fish meal at a dose of 800 mg / kg; and the third group - at a dose of 600 mg / kg. It was found that when using a complex feed additive (fish meal) in different doses, no significant changes in the clinical status of white rats are observed. Evaluation of the linear values of the rat spleen (length, width, thickness, diameter) showed that they were at the level of control animals. The average body weight of animals in the experimental groups was almost at the level of control rats. It was also found that the change in spleen weight was parallel to the increase in body weight of rats. This characterized their proportional growth and development. According to the results of the study of the histological picture of the spleen, it can be concluded that, despite the different doses of the feed additive, there are no visual changes in the organ at the microstructure level. The studies were conducted as part of the scientific work on the topic "Hygiene of processing biological waste by microbial synthesis." 

Special attention is paid to the digestive system when keeping companion animals. The digestive system consists of a large number of organs that occupy a certain niche in the chain of capture, digestion and excretion of food. As a rule, the oral cavity is the first department, which is responsible for the capture of food and the formation of a food coma. Among the digestive glands involved in the process, one of the important roles is assigned to the salivary glands. There are many works devoted to the act of salivation, but as a rule, these works are of a physiological nature. Scientific works related to salivary glands on anatomical and functional features in animals, in particular agricultural ones, are fragmentary. Not knowing the issues of anatomical topography, structure, and vascularization in companion animals, it is difficult to carry out various medical therapeutic and surgical manipulations. The aim of the study was to study the anatomical and topographic features of the vascularization of the parotid gland of companion animals and to carry out morphometry of the arterial vessels feeding it. Companion animals, in particular dogs and cats, served as the object of the study. The methods used for the study were fine anatomical dissection, morphometry using a ruler and calipers, vasorentgenography, computed tomography. The study established anatomical and topographic features of the parotid gland vascularization of companion animals, as well as morphometric measurements of arterial vessels. The main source of nutrition of the parotid gland in companion animals is the artery of the parotid gland and branches of the parotid gland. Arterial sources feeding the parotid gland are repeatedly divided according to the main type up to the vessels of the third order. All vessels of the gland have a branching pattern, namely, it passes from the periphery to the center. The course of branching of vessels in this gland is loop–shaped.