One of the priorities of the state policy at present is ensuring food security, to which veterinary workers, in particular, veterinary laboratories, make a significant contribution.

As part of the implementation of strategic documents, sufficient attention has been paid to veterinary laboratories. They are considered as "entry" points for checking imported goods and as organizations that promote the export of high-quality goods from Russia.

Legislators of our country and the countries of the Eurasian Economic Commission set serious requirements for veterinary laboratories, in particular, on their accreditation. However, for all its significance, the legislation in this area cannot be called perfect. Based on the study of the regulatory framework, it is concluded that the current level of regulation of the activities of veterinary laboratories is insufficient.

This article analyzes the current legislation in the field of introducing medicines for veterinary use into civil circulation.

The changes described in the regulatory documentation consolidate the key norms and rules governing the registration process of veterinary medicinal products, include registration algorithms that were not previously used, and effective assessment of the safety and quality of drugs before their release to the market.

As a result of the analysis of the current legislation in the field of introducing medicines for veterinary use into civil circulation, 3 fundamental changes were identified:

1) Application of the term “introduction into civil circulation” in relation to drugs for veterinary use;

2) Introduction of the concepts of “an authorized person of the manufacturer of medicines” (for Russian manufacturers) and “a person authorized by the holder or owner of the registration certificate of a medicinal product for veterinary use” (for foreign manufacturers), defining their functions and the procedure for their certification;

3) Obligation for all production sites, regardless of the country of production, to have a Russian GMP certificate.

Animal husbandry on an industrial basis involves the maximum use of the reproductive capabilities of females and obtaining healthy offspring. A significant obstacle to achieving this goal are diseases that negatively affect the reproductive function of females, one of which is genital mycoplasmosis of cattle. The basis of etiotropic therapy of mycoplasmosis is the use of macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, but at the same time the animals remain immunodeficient. The aim of our research was to assess the dynamics of indicators of nonspecific resistance of the organism of patients with genital mycoplasmosis of cows when the immunomodulator thymalin was included in the treatment regimen. Studies were carried out on three groups of pregnant cows, the first group of animals with mycoplasmosis was treated with tulatromycin, the second group was treated with tulatromycin in combination with thymalin, the third group was clinically healthy cows. The results of the experiment showed that the combined use of tulatromycin and thymalin in genital mycoplasmosis of cattle, compared with monotherapy with tulatromycin, increases therapeutic efficacy by 25%, and also contributes to a significant increase in bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum, phagocytic index, which even slightly exceed similar indicators in clinically healthy animals.

African swine fever (ASF) is the most dangerous viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boars, causing huge economic damage. It is characterized by acute, subacute, chronic course with high (up to 100%) mortality. The causative agent of ASF has been isolated into a separate family Asfarviridae, the genus Asfivirus. The disease is widespread in Africa, Europe, Asia. The purpose of the review article is to analyze the literature data on the occurrence and spread of epizootic foci of African swine fever in Western Europe. The materials of the article are based on the results of numerous epizootological and diagnostic studies by scientists from Spain, Portugal, Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Malta, Germany, Sweden.

Due to the complex seroimmune structure of the pathogen and the impossibility of forming viral neutralizing antibodies, there are difficulties in creating effective vaccines against ASF. The main tools for preventing the spread of the disease are due to the use of strict quarantine measures. Early diagnosis is an important component of ASF control and eradication.

Preventive and liquidation measures for ASF in Western European countries are considered. The recommendations of the OIE/WOAH-OIE on the diagnosis of ASF using a combination of tests are given: determination of the viral genome by PCR in national reference laboratories; detection of viral antigens and antibodies by ELISA or fluorescent test; detection of the pathogen by virus isolation. The explanation of the observed interspecific interaction during the watering of wild boars and free-range domestic pigs is given, which explains the endemicity of ASF on the island of Sardinia in Italy for more than forty years.

Given the virulence of the ASF virus and the many ways of transmission throughout Europe, diagnostic and epizootological monitoring of this disease should be a priority in the fight against ASF.

Identification of the causative agent of anthrax is an integral part of the diagnosis of the disease caused by it, which is registered annually on the territory of our country among animals and people. According to the guidelines for the diagnosis of the causative agent of anthrax, one of the identification tests is to study the sensitivity of the pathogen to penicillin with the registration of the phenomenon of the pearl necklace. Currently, penicillin salts are a hard-to-reach antibacterial drug. Based on this, we used amoxicillin, a penicillin-type antibiotic with a similar mechanism of action, which was the purpose of our study. A nutrient medium with an antibiotic was prepared by analogy with a medium with the addition of penicillin, according to MUC 4.2.2413-08. Amoxicillin in the form of amoxicillin trihydrate produced by Hemofarm (Serbia) was used as an antibacterial drug. To work, amoxicillin, by analogy with penicillin, was diluted 1,000,000 times with sterile Hottinger broth and introduced into a prepared nutrient medium. The loop of the grown daily culture of the strain K-STI-79 B. anthracis was seeded in 3 ml of the prepared medium and incubated for 3 hours at 37 ° C. During the incubation time, smears were prepared from the cells and stained according to the Rebiger. The smears were prepared after 15, 30 minutes and after 1, 2 and 3 hours. As a result of the work carried out, it was found that the use of amoxicillin in the identification of B. anthracis allows us to obtain the necessary results with a characteristic picture of a "pearl necklace". At the same time, the dynamics of changes in the morphology of cells subjected to incubation in a nutrient medium containing amoxicillin was studied. It was found that changes in the cell wall and cell shape can be observed after 15 minutes of incubation. After 1 hour, the cells underwent significant deformation with the appearance of a large number of separate spherical cell forms. After 2 hours of incubation, the chains of B. anthracis began to acquire the characteristic appearance of a pearl necklace, which was traced after 3 hours.

Currently, the Russian poultry industry uses a wide arsenal of various associated inactivated vaccines that allow for effective prevention of infectious diseases. However, a significant share of vaccines used in Russia is represented by imported drugs. Such a situation in connection with the current geopolitical events indicates the need to focus on the production and use of high-quality domestic analogues of foreign drugs.

Therefore, the purpose of this work was to conduct a comparative analysis of the use of inactivated associated vaccine against avian infectious bronchitis (IB), Newcastle disease (ND) and egg drop syndrome-76 (EDS-76) of domestic and imported production.

To achieve this goal, two commercial samples of the associated inactivated emulsion vaccine against IB, ND and EDS76 were tested. The first sample of domestic production, the second foreign (Israel).

The determination of the harmlessness and antigenic activity of both vaccine samples was carried out on 90-day-old egg chickens simultaneously.

The results obtained allowed us to conclude that the samples of inactivated emulsion vaccine against IB, ND and EDS76 of domestic and imported production are harmless, have high antigenic activity, they are at the same level of indicators for the antigenic components included in their composition and for effectiveness.

Veterinary antibiotic resistance monitoring is a systematic, ongoing process of collecting, analyzing and reporting data on antimicrobial resistance. The information received within the framework of monitoring has practical application points, including the organization of therapeutic and preventive measures.

For veterinary monitoring, it is fundamentally important to separate all isolated microorganisms into clinical and colonization isolates.

Clinically significant isolates, i.e. isolates that are the cause of the infectious process, specific localization.

Colonizing bacteria that are not the cause of infection at a specific location. It should be noted that under certain conditions (entrance gates of infection, weakened immune status, etc.), a colonizing isolate can cause an infectious process, i.e. become clinically significant.

For the preparation of local protocols for antimicrobial therapy of animals and birds, clinically significant isolates are of the greatest value.

It is necessary to develop methodological recommendations for laboratory control of antibiotic resistance of pathogens of bacterial diseases of different species of animals, birds, fish, bees and introduce them into the practice of veterinary laboratories.

The purpose of the review article is to analyze epizootological monitoring of ASF in populations of domestic pigs and wild boars in Eastern Europe and the Russian Federation, to assess the epizootic situation for 2007-2023. The materials of the review article are based on the results of numerous epizootological and diagnostic studies by scientists from Russia, Belarus, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Bosnia, Duchy, Romania, Serbia, Croatia. The main methods are structural and system analysis of WOAH/OIE, ADIS, EFSA, AHAW, GVI documents, official Rosselkhoznadzor websites. The data of the WHO are presented, which indicate that since the introduction of the ASF pathogen to Georgia (2007), outbreaks of infection in 2023 have been registered in 42 countries. The main and additional risk factors contributing to the spread of ASF in populations of domestic pigs and wild boars are considered. Examples of the introduction of the pathogen with the participation of repeated and imported cases of epizootic outbreaks, in particular in the Czech Republic, the Russian Federation, Estonia, Lithuania, Bosnia, Herzegovina in 2014-2023 are given. Despite the efforts of veterinary services to contain ASF on the territory of Eastern European states, the fight against this dangerous infection has not yet been crowned with success. The disease has evolved, reflecting the complex interaction between veterinary and sanitary, socio-economic, environmental factors in the region. Regardless of the ways of transmission of the ASF virus from wild boar to domestic pigs, the mechanism of which has not been fully deciphered, anthropogenic human activity contributes to the spread of the pathogen to safe and healthy territories. The dynamics of the epizootic process and the intensity of the epizootic situation for ASF during 2007-2023 confirm that none of the regions of Eastern Europe and Russia is immune from the introduction of the pathogen into its territory.

This article discusses a study of the quality of disinsection in poultry farms using low-temperature smoke generators SMOC INSKT generators using thin layer chromatography. The objects of study were washouts from the surfaces of poultry premises of the Sinyavinskaya poultry farm.

In a room with a cubic capacity of 8000 m3 , 16 smoke generators were installed based on the volume of the room. Samples were taken from each site and examined using modern equipment from Petrolaser LLC. Based on the results of chromatographic analysis, it was found that thin-layer chromatography is an effective method for controlling the quality of disinfestation, and SMOC INSECT smoke generators allow high-quality treatment of livestock buildings from ectoparasites.

As a result of the research, low-temperature generators were recommended as an effective means of disinfestation and decontamination.

The use of thin-layer chromography in quality control of disinfestation allows you to obtain results in a short time, while the technique is more accessible and does not require expensive reagents and complex equipment.

The article deal with the research conducted on the associated invasive diseases with Eymeriosis and helminthosis in individual poultry farms located in the Zagatala region of Sheki-Zagatala economic region in Azerbaijan. Among the diseases caused by primitive intestinal parasites in the pathological materials collected from the poultry farms located in the Aran zone, 33.3% in 1-3 month olds, 21.6% in 4-6 month olds, 13.3% in the elderly; from helminthosis, 25.0% in 1-3 month olds, 33.3% in 4-6 month olds, 24.4% in the elderly with heterakidosis; 12.5% in 1-3 month olds, 19.6% in 4-6 month olds, and 11.1% in the elderly were studied with capillariosis. 47.4% of 1-3 month olds, 28.6% of 4-6 month olds, and 18.5% of old people have eimeriosis in poultry farms located in the foothill zone; 29.0% in 1-3 month olds, 31.0% in 4 -6 month olds, 16.7% in the elderly with heterakidosis; 13.2% in 1-3 month olds, 14.3% in 4-6 month olds, 5.6% in the elderly with capillariosis; 18.6% in 1-3 month olds, 12.0% in 4-6 month olds, and 8.5% in the elderly in poultry farms located in the mountainous zone; 16.3% in 1-3 month olds, 18.0% in 4-6 month olds, 10.6% in the elderly with heterakidosis; 9.3% of 1-3 month olds, 10.0% of 4-6 month olds, and 4.3% of elderly were found to have associated invasion with capillariosis. Total infection in the lowland zone with eimeriosis 23.0%, with heterakidosis 27.8%, with capillariosis 14.6%, in the foothill zone with eimeriosis 29.9%, with heterakidosis 24.6%, with capillariosis 10.4%, in the mountain zone with eimeriosis 12, 9%, 15.0% with heterakidosis, 7.9% with capillariosis were determined.

Relevance. In the literature, when describing the clinical signs of chorioptotic invasion of cattle, it is indicated that this is a widespread chronic invasive disease of adult livestock. However, it was not possible to find data in the literature on the causes of morbidity of adult livestock. The purpose of our study was to conduct comparative histological studies of the skin of the tail root area in cattle of different age groups.

Methods. The research was carried out on cattle in the livestock area of the Gatchina municipal district of the Leningrad region. For histological studies, the skin of the tail root area was taken from clinically healthy animals of a black-andwhite Holstein breed: bulls aged 1 year and adult dairy cows aged 5.5 years. By microscopic analysis of the manufactured preparations, the general histological structure of the skin of animals of different age groups, the morphology of its individual layers in a comparative aspect were studied.

Results. It was found that the mesh layer of the dermis is more developed in adult animals than in young ones. Collagen fibers in dairy cows have the greatest thickness compared to young animals, they fit tightly together, the ligature loops lie thickly, forming a diamond-shaped ligature. Histological examination showed an insignificant number of cells in the reticular layer of the dermis in adult animals. In young animals, collagen bundles of the mesh layer of the dermis have a less dense ligature, there are more rare, stretched and not completely finished diamond-shaped structures. In some cases, the bends of the collagen bundles are so rare that the diamond-shaped figures are invisible. But the number of cellular elements in young animals, unlike adults, is increased.

It can be assumed that the morbidity of adult animals is explained by the peculiarities of the structure of the dermis, in particular its richer collagen fibers of the mesh layer, since such a denser structure of the mesh layer of the dermis is a good "foundation and foundation" for the cellular the layer where the blood vessels are located to nourish the cells of the epidermis.

For more fundamental conclusions, we will continue deeper morphometric studies with the counting of cellular elements in the layers of the epidermis and the measurement of the layers of the dermis.

The article presents data on the effectiveness of using various sperm preparation protocols by colloidal centrifugation (density gradient centrifugation method) before procedures of assisted reproductive technologies, including in vitro artificial insemination. The use of the method can affect the quality of sexual gametes and the viability of embryos, increase the percentage of successful embryotransplantation and contribute to the appearance of highly productive offspring.

As a result of the research, the most optimal protocol of centrifugation by the method of gradient layering with indicators of the first and second centrifugation 700g – 20 min and 100g – 10 min, respectively, was determined by morphofunctional characteristics. The average rate of motile spermatozoa was 84.1±5.1%, progressive spermatozoa – 68.7±5.1%, the rate of rectilinear translational motion was 49.69 microns/sec. Morphology and viability meet quality standards.

An analysis of the data obtained from the study of some blood parameters of dairy cows, reflecting their lipid and protein metabolism, was carried out. It has been determined that as pregnancy progresses, there is a significant positive trend in the increase in the concentration of lipids in the blood of pregnant dairy cows. Thus, the concentration of triglycerides by the 8-9th month of pregnancy increases by a total of 24%, compared with the data obtained at the beginning of the study (2 months of pregnancy). The data did not go beyond the generally accepted reference values for cows. At the same time, the concentration of cholesterol synchronously increases several times (up to 4), which indicates a redistribution of the metabolic load in the body, it is worth noting that this usually indicates the activation of synthesizing processes in the liver, which is also visible, first of all, by an increase in the concentration total protein during periods of pregnancy. The concentration of total protein in the blood serum by 8-9 months increases by 16.2%, compared with the results obtained during pregnancy at 2 months. The data obtained indicate the activation of protein and lipid metabolism during pregnancy, which is important to take into account when organizing feeding and maintenance to prevent the development of a negative energy balance.

The aim of the study was to establish the effect of probiotic supplements "HydroLaktiV" and "Multibacterin" as part of the treatment and prevention regimens of gastrointestinal diseases of calves on the level of protein metabolism.

The study was conducted on newborn calves, of which three groups were formed according to the principle of analogues: one control (group 1) and two experimental (group 2 and group 3). Animals of all groups were kept in identical conditions. From the fourth day of life until the age of sixty, calves of all groups, according to the scheme adopted in the experimental farm, were fed kefir prepared with the use of the enzymatic feed additive "GastroVet", from the age of ten the animals began to be accustomed to coarse feeds by laying out first-class hay and starter feed (KK-62) in feeders. Additionally, the calves of the second experimental group were added to kefir with a feed additive "HydroLaktiV" at a dose of 15.0 g per head twice a day, and the calves of the third experimental group received the biocomplex "Multibacterin" at a dose of 1.0 ml per 10.0 kg of body weight twice a day.

Blood collection from the studied animals was carried out from the jugular vein 30 minutes before feeding in compliance with the rules of asepsis and antiseptics. Blood serum was used for biochemical studies. The latter were performed on a Clima MC-15 semi-automatic analyzer, taking into account the following indicators: total protein, albumin, α-, β- and γglobulins.

It has been established that the use of probiotic feed additives "HydroLaktiV" and "Multibacterin" as part of the treatment and prevention regimens of gastrointestinal diseases of calves has a positive effect on the normalization of protein metabolism, manifested in the maintenance of homeostasis, restoration of humoral immunity of animals after illness, as well as normalization of digestion and metabolic processes.

The article presents the results of a clinical and hematological study of data obtained from dogs, mainly small ornamental breeds, with subsequently confirmed portosystemic shunts. As a result of the work, it was determined that all animals had a disorder of the nervous system, which was the reason for their owners to contact the veterinary clinic to examine the pets. Thus, according to the results of the analysis of the anamnesis and during the full-time clinical examination, tremor, ataxia, impaired consciousness, apathy, play movements, auto-aggression and causeless aggression or vocalization, mydriasis were observed in sick dogs. A laboratory blood test revealed a number of signs indicating the possible presence of portosystemic vascular anomalies in the examined dogs, namely, hypoproteinemia (48.4±3.094 g/l) with dysproteinemia, an increase in the activity of ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase enzymes up to 188.2±85.573 IU/l, 121.5±20.061 IU/l and 514.6±110.851 IU/l, respectively. A pronounced increase in the concentration of bile acids in the blood before and after feeding was also noted, up to 82.5±16.57 µmol/l and 155.4±26.103 µmol/l, respectively. An analysis of the results of a morphological blood test showed the presence of such nonspecific changes as hypochromic anemia (hemoglobin concentration was 129.3 ± 5.631 g/l) and leukocytosis (the number of leukocytes in the blood of sick dogs was 17.7 ± 2.586*109 /l). Thus, we can conclude that the complex of clinical and laboratory studies carried out may be sufficient for the differential diagnosis of portosystemic vascular anomalies in dogs, but, nevertheless, the final diagnosis is possible only with the use of instrumental diagnostic methods.

Nonspecific dyspepsia is a common pathology of the early neonatal period, characterized by widespread and severe course, severe intoxication and dehydration. Due to diarrheal syndrome, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, water, macro- and microelements are excreted from the body of young animals. It is possible to restore the lack of inorganic substances by introducing mineral supplements into the treatment regimen, and normalize the digestive processes through the use of probiotics. Considering that the data from their combined use in the treatment of nonspecific dyspepsia of young animals are extremely scarce and sometimes contradictory, the goal was set to establish the degree of influence of the combined use of the mineral feed additive "Calvolit" and the probiotic supplement Biolatic G–500 on the main clinical blood parameters of calves in the treatment of nonspecific dyspepsia. The object of the study was 30 calves of a three-day-old black-and-white Holstein breed, selected according to the principle of pairs of analogues that had a body weight from 30.0 to 35.0 kg at birth. Three groups were formed from them. The first (control) group (n=10) included healthy animals (normotrophics) with no clinical signs of dyspepsia. The second (n=10) and third (n=10) groups were formed from animals with a characteristic clinical picture of a simple form of dyspepsia. The animals of the second group were assigned a treatment regimen used on the farm. In addition, Biolatic G-500 preparations at a dose of 5.0 g (0.5 tablespoons) and the mineral feed additive Calvolit at a dose of 30.0 g per head per day were introduced into the treatment regimen for animals of the third group. The control of the clinical condition of the animals was carried out taking into account the clinical blood test. It was found that the combined use of the probiotic drug "Biolatic" (Biolatic) G-500 and the mineral feed additive "Calvolit" as part of the treatment regimens for nonspecific dyspepsia contributes to the acceleration of normalization of clinical blood parameters and leukocyte profile of young animals.

The respiratory system provides the body with oxygen, which is necessary for the vital activity of organs, tissues and cells of the animal. Respiratory diseases are widespread and therefore improving the methods of diagnosis and prevention of lung pathologies is important for veterinary medicine. Pulmonary edema is a life-threatening condition of the animal and requires immediate assistance. There are various types and causes of edema, however, knowing the symptoms, it is possible to carry out the necessary diagnostics, therefore, the study of the mechanism of development and types of pulmonary edema using radiological diagnostic methods is relevant. The research work was carried out on the basis of the veterinary clinic of LLC "Ringa", the object of the study were dogs and cats with clinical manifestations of respiratory failure, the main diagnostic method was digital radiography. Based on the conducted studies, cardiogenic and non–cardiogenic pulmonary edema was identified, the mechanism of development of which has differences: cardiogenic pulmonary edema manifests itself against the background of heart defects, cardiosclerosis, arterial hypertension; non-cardiogenic – due to impaired capillary permeability and the release of the liquid part of the blood into the interstitial tissue, and then into the alveoli. X-ray diagnostics allows you to differentiate the pathology of the lungs at the initial stages of its development, since a long process of diagnostic measures can have negative consequences on the animal, and the finished radiograph has high-quality detail of the picture in high resolution with specific changes in the lungs with edema, which ensures the exclusion of other pathologies that can also lead to respiratory failure (neoplasms, pulmonary fibrosis , etc.), and that contributes to the provision of rapid appropriate actions in emergency situations to eliminate this condition and the appointment of specific therapeutic and preventive measures, allowing you to reduce the time in diagnosis, to help the patient, increasing the chances of a favorable outcome.

The aim of the performed studies was to analyze the effectiveness of transabdominal delivery in black-and-white Holstein cows in modern industrial complexes, as well as in mongrel cats and dogs, depending on the nature of pathologies and postoperative treatment of mothers. The clinical effectiveness of transabdominal delivery depended on the general condition of women in labor, the severity of intoxication of the body, the state of the birth canal and the fetus upon admission to surgery. The analysis of the results of operations indicates that the nature of the course of the postoperative period, the absence or development of metritis and peritonitis determined the positive effect and outcome of the operation. Timely transabdominal delivery with the use of modern antibiotics in combination with the immunostimulator thymogen in dogs led to a favorable outcome with live fetuses in 92-97% of cases, with dead fetuses in 64-82% of cases. At the same time, cows with live fruits survived in 98% of cases, with dead ones - in 91.7%.

Equestrian distance running is a non-Olympic sport, but it continues to gain popularity in Russia. The rules for conducting competitions and allowing animals to start are strictly regulated by the Equestrian Federation of Russia (FKSR) and the International Federation (FEI). However, veterinary aspects are taken into account very superficially in the regulations, which requires the introduction of in-depth scientific knowledge about injury prevention, diagnosis and treatment of horses participating in endurance competitions. The article provides information about the reasons for the disqualification of horses that participate in endurance competitions. In total, 120 animals were examined at major competitions in Russia and the Netherlands. The result of the conducted research has shown that most often horses are disqualified due to lameness and the symptom complex of colic, and in isolated cases, at long distances from 120 km, myoglobinuria is detected in horses, which is a very dangerous condition for the life and health of animals. Myoglobinuria in our studies was detected mainly in the hot season. There are also literature data that indicate that the results of equestrian distance running competitions are influenced by climate, weather conditions, and soil quality. At competitions, depending on the level of training and qualification, horses run distances from 40 to 160 km in 1 day. It is obvious that the body of animals is subjected to huge loads and in preparation for each distance it is necessary to develop the most optimal approaches in training, feeding and rehabilitation. It is known that when passing a distance of 160 km, horses, as a rule, lose weight. In this regard, it was decided to identify the most common reasons for the disqualification of horses from competitions, depending on the distance covered.

According to available statistics, melanocytic neoplasia is the most common form of ocular tumor in cats, accounting for 67% of cases in an analysis of 2614 cases of primary ocular neoplasia. Feline diffuse iris melanoma (FDIM) is by far the most common form of melanocytic neoplasia of the eye. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comprehensive diagnosis of eye diseases and identify the features of the course of iris melanoma in cats. Study cats with iris hyperpigmentation underwent a complete ophthalmological examination - slit-lamp biomicroscopy, gonioscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. As a result of the research, it was found that 5 animals had hyperpigmented lesions, which look like flat brown spots on the surface of the iris. These precursor lesions are considered benign and are known as iris melanosis. In 10 animals, thickening of the iris, dyscoria, decreased pupil mobility, and dispersion of pigment in the anterior chamber were additionally detected; in 2 of them, involvement of the iridocorneal angle in the pathological process was observed, in 4 - secondary glaucoma, due to tumor infiltration of the iridocorneal angle. According to the results of computed tomography, 3 cats had metastases in the liver. During our studies, one cat underwent an iris biopsy to differentiate melanoma from pleomorphic lymphoma. In the remaining cases, a biopsy was not performed, since 9 patients with obvious pathological changes required enucleation, and in 5 patients monitoring of the pathological process over time was prescribed. Cats presenting for evaluation of hyperpigmented iris lesions should undergo a complete clinical and ophthalmologic examination, including gonioscopy.

Glaucoma is a dangerous disease for all animal species, as it is accompanied by intractable pain and progressive loss of vision. It is widely known that the classification of the disease is based on the state of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye (open-angle and closed-angle), as well as on concomitant factors, such as the condition of the iris, lens. Due to the high incidence of glaucoma in animals, especially in dogs, the scientific article discusses the risk factors for the occurrence and development of glaucoma, as well as the analysis of anamnestic data was also performed. The objects of the study were dogs in the amount of 23 animals of different breeds and sex and age groups. The study was conducted at the Department of Veterinary Surgery of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Academy of Higher Education MSAVM&B - MVA named after K.I. Scriabin, as well as the VC «CUVO&M». All animals underwent an ophthalmological examination using a head magnifying glass and a slit lamp, measurement of intraocular pressure and gonioscopy. A diagnosis of glaucoma was made. Particular attention was paid to the iridocorneal angle, the state of the trabecular meshwork, the position of the iris, the presence of fibrinous or hemorrhagic exudate in the anterior chamber, and the localization of the lens were assessed. To achieve the goal of the study, the severity of the manifestation of the disease and its course were established. When analyzing the data of the anamnesis, it was revealed that dogs of the French bulldog and mestizo breeds were most often ill with glaucoma. The age of the animals most susceptible to this disease was 5-10 years. Based on the data of a comprehensive examination, the type of glaucoma that most often occurred in dogs was established: angle-closure secondary. The risk factors for glaucoma were goniodysgenesis, lens luxation, trauma, arterial hypertension, swelling cataract, fibrinous iridocyclitis, postoperative complication. Patterns were revealed between the form of the disease and the risk factors noted in each clinical case, which makes it possible to predict the course of the disease and the preservation of vision. The analysis of the history data made it possible to establish the most important prognostic factors for the onset of glaucoma in dogs and to determine a number of criteria for identifying the primary goals of the therapeutic approach to glaucoma.

Animal husbandry, aimed at obtaining dairy products, is an important link in the economy of the agro-industrial complex of the country. This industry makes it possible to provide the population with especially valuable food products. Modern conditions for the successful development of the industry are high dairy productivity of cattle and high-quality products. The requirements for the safety and quality of milk are constantly increasing, which also depends on the health of the livestock. Cows with limb pathologies have a decrease in milk productivity and a deterioration in its quality. One of the key points in preventive measures is orthopedic trimming of the hoof horn, which should be carried out at least once every 6 months. Recently, the use of hoof baths with various preparations has become very popular. HOOF Liquid F2 is an innovative hoof treatment and care product. "HOOF Liquid F2" is a concentrated multicompositional agent that has strong disinfecting, bactericidal and drying properties, promotes the process of normal horn formation. Carrying out these preventive measures made it possible to reduce the spread of pathologies of the distal extremities in 8 months to 25.0%, which indicates high efficiency. The use of hoof baths with HOOF Liquid F2 in a complex of therapeutic measures allows you to achieve a more pronounced therapeutic effect in a shorter period of time.

A pharmacopoeia is a country's regulatory requirement that sets standards and mandatory requirements for the quality of drugs, starting materials used for drug development, and various pharmaceutical formulations or preparations.

The requirements and recommendations set out in it are mandatory for all organizations in the country involved in the production, storage, sale and use of medicines. For violation of the rules recorded in the document, a legal entity or individual faces criminal liability. The article provides a brief analysis of the Russian Federation State Fund over the past 5 years. The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIV and XV editions, as well as the general pharmacopoeial monographs and pharmacopoeial monographs included in them, were analyzed. Taking into account the fact of harmonization of pharmacopoeias, the international pharmacopoeia was also analyzed.

Of the 313 General Pharmacopoeial Articles (GPM) that are included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the XV edition, 102 GPM are being introduced into domestic pharmacopoeial practice for the first time. Of the 564 pharmacopoeial monographs (PS), which are approved as part of the main part of the State Pharmacopoeia of the XV edition, 253 PH are being introduced into domestic pharmacopoeial practice for the first time. The pharmaceutical substances included in the XV edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation mainly establish requirements for the quality of pharmaceutical substances of chemical, synthetic and mineral origin.

Pharmacopoeias make it possible to optimize the interaction between manufacturers and regulatory authorities: to facilitate the preparation and assessment of submitted documents and to increase the uniformity of decisions made during regulation. This can save time and resources for manufacturers and regulators.

The successful reproduction of the herd and the growth of livestock productivity is largely hampered by morbidity, i.e.: surgical diseases (bruises, abscesses, bursitis, arthritis, myositis, stretching and rupture of muscles, tendon-ligamentous apparatus, synovial and mucous bags, etc.), breast diseases (injuries, bruises, hematomas, mastitis, etc.). These diseases are still widespread and account for more than 40% of the total number of non-communicable diseases. They cause great economic damage to livestock farms, due to a significant decrease in the productivity of sick animals, the expenditure of material resources for their treatment, premature culling, and often the death of sick animals. Positive results in the fight against this kind of diseases (common characteristic signs of which are – swelling, tension, swelling, soreness with elevated local temperature and functional disorders) that distinguish them into one large group of dangerous diseases can be obtained not only by implementing a complex of general zootechnical and veterinary measures that need to be carried out systematically, on a daily basis, but also by providing drugs with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties (in combination). The article presents some results of the technology of preparation and therapeutic activity, birch bud colloid ointment, obtained by dispersing birch buds in the laboratory of analytical chemistry and chemical colloids of the Moscow State Medical University, which was insisted on alcohol, mixed into the ointment base and used as stable emulsion ointments. Ointment is a soft dosage form consisting of medicinal substances and a base, intended for application to the skin, wounds or mucous membranes, that is, for external use [2,3].

Veterinary sorption preparations are medicinal substances and substances that absorb gases, solid and liquid substances on their surface by adsorption. The purpose of our research was to study the detoxification properties of a sorbent based on silicon dioxide (ADC) obtained from rice processing industry waste during heavy metal poisoning in rats. Mercury dichloride was used for experimental poisoning with heavy metals. Nonlinear rats from the nursery of the RAMS "Rappolovo" were used for the experiment. The live weight of the animals averaged 120 g. 3 groups of animals with 20 rats in each were formed. Group No. 1 received the basic diet, ADC and mercury dichloride, group No. 2 – the basic diet and mercury dichloride in the amount of 25 mg per head. Group No. 3 is a control group, which was fed only the basic diet. The experience lasted 14 days. The results were evaluated by the live weight of animals, clinical blood examination, leukogram examination, pathoanatomic autopsy and massometry of internal organs of rats. In study group No. 1, there was no decrease in the body weight of rats during the 14 days of the experiment, while in study group No. 2, where the sorbent was not used, the body weight of rats decreased by 13.79 g. At the end of the experiment, a pathoanatomical autopsy of the animals was performed. In group No. 1, hemorrhages were observed in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. In group No. 2, hemorrhages in the gastric mucosa, damage to the intestines, gallbladder and kidneys were noted, where serous infiltration of connective tissue, large spotty hemorrhages in the serous and mucous membranes were observed. There were no changes in the stomach, intestines, and kidneys in group No. 3. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that there are detoxifying properties of a veterinary sorption preparation based on silicon dioxide obtained from rice husks.

One of the ways to significantly influence the success of exploratory studies of new chemical drug candidates is to use the principles of rational drug design, associated both with the development of bioinformation technologies and with the implementation of effective models for predicting the potential biological activity of the substance under study. The main purpose of this article is to review and summarize the main features of the rational design of medicinal products for veterinary use. The search and processing of scientific publications were carried out according to the recommendations of H. Snyder for writing review articles. In English and Russian, thematic publications were searched in bibliographic databases (Elibrary, CyberLeninka, Pubmed, Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate)) using the keywords: “drug development”, “drag design” , “structurally based drag design” with further highlighting of the most cited ones. Articles published before 2013 were used only if they contained information critical to the topic that was missing in later publications. Rational drug design is the most relevant area of research in the field of drug development. This approach makes it possible to predict in advance the properties of synthesized structures. Using modern computer modeling and data analysis techniques, organic chemists can effectively design molecules with desired pharmacological properties. Rational drug design is an extremely promising area in pharmacological science.

Pain that occurs in a surgical patient in the area of surgical intervention is called surgical pain. Postoperative analgesia is one of the most important components in the system of general intensive care, which creates comfortable living conditions for the surgical patient. In veterinary practice, the central non-opioid analgesic Nefopam has become available, which has a structural affinity for diphenhydramine (Diphenhydramine) and orphenadrine and has both spinal and supraspinal mechanisms of action. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Nefopam as part of multimodal analgesia in the postoperative period in dogs. For the study were selected 20 dogs aged 1 to 10 years who underwent radical surgery requiring multicomponent anesthesia. The animals were divided into 2 groups of 10 dogs each. Surgical interventions were performed under conditions of general combined anesthesia according to standard protocols of the clinic using neuroleptics, anesthetics, non-narcotic painkillers. In the postoperative period, a non-opioid centrally acting analgesic, Nefopam, was introduced into the scheme of multimodal analgesia in the animals of the experimental group, and Analgin was administered to the dogs of the control group. The level of pain of the visual analog scale for assessing pain according to VAS. To assess the health status of experimental animals before surgery and on the 3rd and 7th days after it, blood was taken for biochemical and clinical studies. The use of Nefopam in the complex of multimodal analgesia used in the clinic is therapeutically justified and effective. It is this kind of analgesia that makes it possible to fully and safely anesthetize patients after extensive and traumatic operations with minimal consumption of non-opioid and opioid analgesics.

Every year, medicinal plant raw materials are increasingly found in the production of medicines. Despite a number of positive properties of plants and raw materials obtained from them, there are also negative aspects of the introduction of native (natural) drugs. For example, biological active substances, their quantity and activity, depend on the season of the year and the climatic conditions of the region. These factors are highly variable, and correlations of biologically active substances with weather are difficult to predict. Thus, only with the help of modern analytical instruments and validated methods can it be possible to create statistically reliable algorithms for searching for biologically active substances.

The polythematic abstract and bibliographic database has been analyzed. The main attention was paid to such scientometric databases as: Web of Science Core Collection, Medline, PubMed, RSCI, as well as data from the eLIBRARY.ru portal over the past 10 years. An assessment was made of the statistical data and publication activity of the authors regarding the request for metabolomics of medicinal plant raw materials in medicine and veterinary medicine.

Metabolomic studies of medicinal plants aim to provide a complete and accurate study of all small molecule metabolites and complement other omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics.

Based on the literature reviewed, it can be concluded that there are two main approaches to collecting metabolomic data: targeted and untargeted analysis. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics analyzes are similar in sample collection, preparation, and chromatographic conditions (stationary phase and mobile phase). However, targeted metabolomics studies mainly focus on multiple metabolites from the same or different pathways.

In recent years, several studies have been published that suggest that L-carnitine supplementation may affect weight in some animal species and humans, and may also affect the body composition of growing animals. Currently, only a few results are available on the effects of L-carnitine on weight loss and body composition in animals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out whether injections of L-carnitine can influence the dynamics of the weight of laboratory animals. Toxicity studies were conducted on outbred rats in October 2021 in the vivarium of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The study involved females weighing 190-210 grams, purchased from the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Nursery of Laboratory Animals “RAPPOLOVO”. When studying subchronic toxicity after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration, L-carnitine was administered at 2 dose levels. Doses were determined based on the results of the acute toxicity experiment: 1/5 and 1/10 of the maximum tolerated dose. The first experimental group (n=10) received the drug intramuscularly at a dose of 0.08 mg/kg (1/5 of 2000 mg/kg). The second experimental group (n=10) received the drug intramuscularly at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg (1/10 of 2000 mg/kg). The third experimental group received subcutaneous L -carnitine at a dose of 0.08 mg/kg (1/5 of 2000 mg/kg), the fourth experimental group received subcutaneous L-carnitine at a dose of 1/10 of the maximum tolerated (2000 mg/kg body weight). Group 5 was the control group (n=10) and received sodium chloride 0.09% intramuscularly at a dose of 1/5 of 2000 mg/kg, group 6 was the control group and received sodium chloride 0.09% subcutaneously at a dose of 1/5 of 2000 mg /kg. As a result of studies of subchronic toxicity on laboratory animals of the drug L-carnitine for veterinary use with subcutaneous and intramuscular administration, it was established that a dosage of 1/5 of the maximum tolerated, and a dosage of 1/10 of the maximum tolerated, does not cause changes in the dynamics of body weight animals.

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the clinical efficacy of repellent agents in various forms in the climatic and natural conditions of the Ararat Valley of the Republic of Armenia, during the period of maximum seasonal and daily activity of blood-sucking diptera insects. In the period from June 14 to June 19, 2023, the repellent effect of the veterinary medicinal product RolfClub 3D (RolfClub 3D), in the form of drops on the withers for dogs, and the repellent collar Francodex against insects was studied. The experiment involved 38 clinically healthy dogs aged 1 to 10 years, of both sexes. During the examination of animals, we did not register any complications in the form of inflammatory processes on the skin and the general condition of the studied animals after the use of the funds. In the recommended doses in dogs, the drug did not cause undesirable side effects, specific toxic effects and effects on the central nervous system. The experiment confirmed the repellent effect of veterinary drugs in the form of drops on the withers of RolfClub 3D and a Francodex insect collar applied to dogs individually, once, during the prevention of bites of diptera flying insects according to the presented doses, rules and application techniques, showed high efficiency of the repellent effect in the conditions of farms of the Ararat Valley for 3 days.

Diseases of honey bees, like other social insects, have many features, are much more complicated and require a special approach in their treatment and prevention. The article presents materials on the effective prevention of the padevyj toxidrome of honey bees, the main methods of solving the problem are formulated and practical recommendations are given. The authors present the characteristics of honey of different origin used for forage purposes, give an idea of its quality and effect on the body of honey bees during the wintering period. Based on the analysis of scientific data, the authors conclude that the prospects for further research on the prevention of padevyj toxidrome as an integral part of the organization and planning of wintering honey bees with the improvement of beekeeping technology. The materials given in the article can be used both in scientific activity and in practical beekeeping.

In the first days of life of calves, the influence of numerous environmental factors most strongly affects the full flow of physiologically important processes. Fluctuations in the parameters of the microclimate in calves leads to a decrease in natural resistance, an increase in the level of colds and intestinal diseases in calves of the prophylactic period. Taking into account the natural and climatic territories and technologies used in farms, it is necessary to develop effective measures to control microclimate parameters in order to prevent diseases of calves of various etiologies. The most critical period in calves is the first few weeks of their life, which is associated with the transition from sterile intrauterine development to contact with environmental factors. Possessing complete information about the requirements of the calf's body to the external environment and for their further successful rearing, it is very important to comply with the normative parameters of the indoor microclimate for this type of animal.

The purpose of this review was to analyze the impact of rodents on human economic activity and human health, the dangers and harm they pose. The article provides brief information about the migration of rodents and their impact on crop yields and possible crop losses. The harmful effects of these small mammals on the livestock, poultry and beekeeping industries are described. The issue of transmission and reservation of diseases by rodents that pose a danger to humans and their domestic animals is considered. The influence of factors on the distribution and dynamics of rodent populations, and the use of modern methods for monitoring the population of areas of the territory are analyzed. Thus, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and image processing software makes it possible to detect and analyze clusters of rodent burrows, as well as control more targeted processing. When using rodenticides to control rodents, people still face certain questions and problems in regulating populations and effectively using rodenticides, taking into account the negative impact on the environment.

In the Transcaucasus region, the Republic of Armenia is the highest mountainous country, about 90% of its territories are located at altitudes of more than 1000 meters above sea level. On the territory of this region there are high plateaus, volcanic cones with a large abundance of streams and small rivers. With an increase of every 100 meters, the precipitation level increases by approximately 25 mm, and when reaching heights of 3,000 meters, precipitation increases to 1,000 mm per year. A feature of service horse breeding in this region is the tortuosity of most mountain roads, fairly rocky soil, steep ascents and descents, high and inaccessible passes, changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature at different altitudes during the day, frequent and sharp changes in air speed . The difficulty of raising livestock in some high-mountainous regions of Armenia is also due to the presence of landslides, screes, cliffs and glaciers, and in winter conditions, deep snow cover.

Large industrial centers and cities are faced with the need to regulate the number of domestic animals, including the reduction of stray dogs. Monitoring the reasons for dogs entering shelters, studying their breed; balance of the most significant diseases as possible sources of replenishment of shelters. The return of lost dogs is an integral part of the task of finding them in a shelter and at the same time it is a complete comprehensive examination and prevention of the spread of diseases in urban areas. Husky dogs are quite difficult to keep in apartments; when deciding to have such a pet, the choice must be objectively responsible. Treatment of the premises of the quarantine zone showed the high effectiveness of the drugs Monclavit-1 and Creolin for the prevention of infectious and parasitic diseases of dogs.

The development of the terrestrial gastropods rearing, including the grape snail, in Russian Federation for the purpose of producing food products, and possibly exporting these products to traditionally consuming the molluscs in the European region, presuppose the appropriate regulatory framework development, incl. regulating the obtained food products safety. In order to provide a scientific justification for the introduced regulations, scientific information was collected on the food risks in terrestrial gastropods, which are traditionally consumed by humans. The specificity of this terrestrial invertebrates group leads to the formation of a safety indicators list that need to be monitored, which is not found in other groups, including those that are unique for the Russian Federation, primarily microbiological and parasitological. On the other hand, some of the risk factors for the consumption of terrestrial gastropods (the content of toxic elements, persistent organic pollutants and foodborne pathogens) are associated with the conditions of their keeping and feeding. According to the results of the study, the most common risk factors were recommended for inclusion in regulations.

The intensification of growing processes, concentrated feeding and other improvements in technological processes in poultry farms have led to the development of new metabolic pathologies for the industry, previously not widely recorded. The development of these diseases is directly related to excessive stress on the poultry body during intensive rearing. The central organ most susceptible to this type of stress is the liver. Currently, clear signs of hepatopathy are recorded even in poultry farming. As a result, an important offal – the liver – is discarded, the poultry lags behind in growth and development, and the quality of the meat decreases. Therefore, the development of hepatoprotective veterinary drugs for poultry farming is an urgent task. To determine the effectiveness of the new hepatoprotective drug Selephlan in the vivarium conditions of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Krasnodar Research Centre for Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine”, an experiment was conducted on two groups of broiler chickens (experimental and control) of the Arbor Acres cross (n=100). The studied drug was given to the experimental group during the growth and finishing periods of rearing (15–40 days) at a dose of 1.0% per unit of feed. The poultry of the control group received complete feed (CF) without additives. In order to determine the state of the hepatobiliary system of poultyr in the end of the experimental period, intravital screening monitoring of the liver condition using ultrasound diagnostics was carried out in the experimental and control groups, followed by slaughter to clarify the identified changes in the liver parenchyma tissue. Based on ultrasound diagnostics and histological studies, it was determined that the drug Selephlan under conditions of intensive fattening allows maintaining the healthy structure and functional activity of the liver of broiler chickens at a physiologically normal level throughout the entire productive period of rearing, which has a beneficial effect on the growth characteristics of meat poultry and the quality of the resulting livestock products.

The European elk is an artiodactyl mammal and is a valuable commercial animal. These animals are valued in the leather industry and in commercial hunting for meat. In addition, moose are often kept in nature reserves and zoos and often in private fur farms. At the same time, there is practically no material on the anatomy of the European elk, compared with the same representative of the reindeer family – the reindeer. In this regard, the purpose of our study is to study the structural features of the anatomy of the heart of the European moose and to determine its main sources of vascularization. The material for the study was five corpses of European moose aged three to four years, obtained from private farms in the Leningrad region. The study was carried out by morphometry and fine anatomical dissection, as well as the manufacture of corrosive preparations using latex. Morphometric parameters were measured using a vernier caliper of the brand "Vorel 15100" made in Poland, as well as a ruler with a length of 25 cm. Processing of the obtained results was carried out in the "Excel" program. According to the results of the study, it was found that the heart of the European moose has a leftventricular type of blood supply, and the area of the subsinuous sulcus in the individuals studied by us is occupied by branches of the left coronary artery. Also, during the study, the main anatomical, topographic and morphometric features of the structure of the external and internal structures of the heart of the European moose were determined.