This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory framework governing the activities of public associations in the field of animal welfare in the Russian Federation. The author examines the main legislative acts defining the legal status of animal rights organizations, their rights and obligations, as well as key problems of law enforcement practice. Special attention is paid to the intersectoral nature of regulation, combining the norms of civil, administrative, environmental and criminal law. The article explores gaps and conflicts in the current legislation, in particular, in the Federal Law "On Responsible Treatment of Animals", and suggests directions for its improvement. It is concluded that it is necessary to form an integrated and consistent system of legal regulation of animal protection activities in Russia.

The article identifies several critical challenges stemming from the current legal framework. These include: 1) unclear delineation of powers between different levels of government, leading to inaction; 2) the undefined legal status of "volunteers," leaving them vulnerable to accusations of theft or unlawful capture; 3) financial instability due to a lack of systematic state support, making NGOs reliant on private donations; and 4) legal collisions with other areas of law, where acts of rescuing an animal in distress may be formally classified as administrative offenses.

The conclusion emphasizes the fragmented and contradictory nature of the legal environment for animal protection groups in Russia. For their work to be effective, further development of the legislation is necessary. This requires detailed by-laws to clarify procedures for public control, clear legal definitions for volunteers, stable mechanisms for financial support, and the creation of a holistic, non-contradictory system that provides real legal tools for civil society to realize the principles of humane animal treatment.

The information and legal bases of Russian legislation contain a large number of regulations at various levels regulating expert activities. The task of forensic expert activity is to assist judicial authorities and investigative bodies in solving problems that require special knowledge. Forensic veterinary examination is a type of medical examination for resolving special issues of veterinary medicine that arise in investigative, arbitration and insurance practice. A special need for forensic veterinary examinations has now arisen in connection with the need to reliably record the events of an offense in the field of veterinary medicine. A high-quality legal forensic veterinary examination allows one to assign an adequate punishment for an offense, as well as reduce the number of offenses. The purpose of writing the article was to apply regulatory knowledge in resolving issues that arise when organizing and conducting a forensic veterinary examination.

Infectious respiratory diseases of cattle are multifactorial; they usually have a viral or viral-bacterial etiology and can spread rapidly among productive animals. Consequently, controlling respiratory infections in cattle is a major challenge for the livestock industry worldwide. Purpose of the study is improvement the “Associated vaccine against IRT, VD-BS, PG-3 and bovine chlamydiosis, inactivated emulsion” by expanding the antigenic spectrum of the chlamydial antigen.

The sterility of the vaccines was evaluated according to "OFS 1.2.4.0003.15 General Pharmacopoeia article. Sterility" (section 2.3) by direct inoculation. Safety was assessed in accordance with State Standard 31926. Tolerability was monitored for the first 10 days after immunization. The tolerance of vaccines was judged by the absence of a local and general reaction of animals to the introduction of the biological product. PG-3specific antibody titers were determined by hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT). Specific antibodies to the IRT and VD-BS viruses were determined in ELISA. Anti-chlamydial antibodies were quantified by complement fixation test (CFT). Vaccine immunogenicity was evaluated in an acute experiment with white mice.

All vaccine batches proved sterile and safe for laboratory animals. Both vaccine formulations were well tolerated by rabbits. Altering the chlamydial antigen composition did not impair antiviral humoral immunity. Rabbits receiving the improved vaccine developed higher anti-chlamydial antibody titers than those vaccinated with the standard formulation. The protection index in white mice immunized with the improved vaccine was 1.3-fold higher than in mice receiving the standard vaccine.

Modifying the chlamydial antigen composition in the “Associated vaccine against IRT, VD-BS, PG-3 and bovine chlamydiosis” did not adversely affect the development of antiviral humoral immunity. Inclusion of two additional chlamydial strains enhanced the humoral response to chlamydial antigen and increased overall vaccine immunogenicity by 1.3-fold.

This article is devoted to the search for methods of treatment of viral enteritis of geese in the late stages of its development (more than two days) in the conditions of a farm in the Central Federal District. The text describes the positive effect of the use of serum-reconvalescents for goslings of five-nine days of age, as a result of which the death rate decreased by 44,0%. The results obtained expand the knowledge about the treatment of the highly contagious disease under consideration and contribute to the effective fight against this pathogen.

Modeling of infectious diseases at the intersection of industrial or farm animal husbandry and wildlife is a rare type of mathematical modeling due to the many problems that arise. This review article focuses on the characteristics of mathematical models in various combinations of "pathogen of an infectious disease nosological unit (a disease with a unique combination of characteristics) type of farm animal type of wild animal factors and vectors of pathogen transmission." The most common combinations of animal species were cattle, badgers, brush-tailed opossums (for tuberculosis in cattle), domestic pigs, and wild boars (for African swine fever, classical swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, and other contagious diseases). The primary goal of most studies in this review was to analyze strategies for controlling infectious animal diseases, including zoonoses, with a focus on interventions targeting wild hosts and their impact on domesticated livestock. Some strategies for combating infectious diseases in animals include: preventing contact between domestic livestock, poultry, and feed and wild animals; eliminating carriers of pathogens; and providing preventive immunization for all domestic animals, including dogs and cats; oral immunization of wild carnivorous animals with control over their numbers; monitoring the health status of livestock and animal movements; and the procedure for determining the zoosanitary status of industrial farms (compartmentalization) to determine the level of protection of farms from the entry of dangerous pathogens.

In modern animal husbandry, reproductive biotechnologies such as artificial insemination (AI) play a key role in increasing productivity and improving the genetic potential of farm animals. AI allows not only to use agricultural material issued by producers in a larger amount of the male animal as efficiently as possible, but also to reduce the risk of spreading sexually transmitted diseases. The success of AI is largely determined by the quality of the sperm used, which depends on the methods of processing and storing the ejaculate. Among the existing methods of sperm selection, centrifugation occupies one of the leading places. This method is based on the separation of the power components of the ejaculate under the influence of centrifugal. As an example of centrifugation, two main combinations were found: standard and colloidal centrifugation. Standard centrifugation is a single separation of the ejaculate components, with this centrifugation mode under transformations in accordance with the species characteristics of spermatozoa: 200-400 rpm for 5-12 min for rodents, 720 rpm for 5 min for dogs, 2400 rpm for 5 min for stallions, 5000 rpm for 5 min for bulls, 3000 rpm for 3 minutes for goats, 2400 rpm for 3 minutes for boars. Colloid centrifugation involves the use of special colloidal solutions (Percolltm, Isolate®, Porcicoll®, Bovicoll®, Equipure Bottom Layer®, PureSperm®) for more effective separation of spermatozoa formed with morphological and functional forms. Colloid centrifugation allows you to obtain higher quality ejaculate, since it can separate not only seminal plasma, but also defective, low-motility spermatozoa, as well as cells with damaged DNA.

Cryopreservation compromises sperm viability and fertility due to the physical and chemical stress placed on cells during freezing. Stallion sperm have low cryopreservation stability. Improving cryopreservation protocols, including extender composition, is essential. This study analyzed the use of two extenders for centrifugation and cryopreservation of stallion sperm. Twenty-seven ejaculates from nine stallions were analyzed. The analysis revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in motility assessment and the number of intact cells after centrifugation in the different extenders. The experimental extender proved superior. No significant differences were observed in the number of spermatozoa with tail, acrosome, or DNA damage, or in the 2.4 DNF respiration stimulation level. The use of the experimental extender better preserved sperm motility (P˂0.05), morphology (P˂0.01), acrosomes (P˂0.05) and the coupling of respiration and phosphorylation (2.4 DNP test) (P˂0.01) in the selected sperm cryopreservation protocol compared to the LCHZ extender.

Non-infectious diseases in various clinical forms are one of the most pressing problems among all diseases in modern livestock farms. This article presents monitoring of the most common non-communicable diseases of cattle for the first through fourth quarters of 2024 in agricultural organizations in St. Petersburg. The study established a seasonality of pathologies: the maximum number of sick animals is recorded in the autumn months and early winter (from October to December), while the minimum indicators are in the spring months and early summer (from April to June). The nosological profile is represented by diseases of the digestive and respiratory systems, metabolic disorders, and poisonings (including in young animals), with a determination of their proportional distribution by morbidity and mortality. It was revealed that of the 1,084 registered cases of non-communicable diseases of cattle, the majority were diseases of the digestive system (44.4%) and metabolic (24.7%). The most common forms are: dyspepsia, bronchopneumonia, osteodystrophy, and ketosis. The obtained data allows for the timely implementation of a range of veterinary and zootechnical measures aimed at preserving the health of animals and the products obtained from them.

The article presents the results of a study of the effect of anesthetics on the cardiorespiratory system of horses. The object of the study was 12 horses (6 mares and 6 merenes) without identified pathologies of the respiratory system and cardiovascular system aged 7 to 14 years, weighing from 450 to 550 kg. Before the routine dental examination and treatment of the dental surface with an electric rasp, an intravenous injection of sedatives belonging to the alpha-2 agonist group (xylazine 1 mg/kg or detomidine 10 mkg/kg) was performed. The preanesthetic study included a study of the respiratory system (BHD), body temperature (T), and heart rate (HR). For the study, horses were randomly divided into 2 groups of 6 research objects each. Xylazine (xylazine maleate 2%) at a dosage of 1 mg/kg was administered to animals of the first group as a sedative, while Domosedan (detomidine hydrochloride) at a dosage of 10 mkg/kg was administered to animals of the second group. To determine the effect of anesthetics on the cardiorespiratory system, a study was conducted on the dynamics of BDD, T, and heart rate. Data analysis showed that Xylazine and Domosedan drugs have a similar effect on the cardiorespiratory system of horses. But a more pronounced depression and a longer recovery of physiological parameters are noted with the administration of detomedin hydrochloride at a dosage of 10 mkg / kg than with the use of xylazine maleate 1 mg / kg. However, it was noted that animals from the group in which Xylazine was used reacted more often to strong stimuli (the glow of a lantern, the sound of a running machine, the neighing of other horses, etc.), in some cases excessive activity was noted. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of detomedin hydrochloride is the most preferred drug for dental procedures in horses, as it has a more pronounced depression and a longer recovery of physiological parameters.

On a sample of animals (cats and dogs of different genders, of different ages with different diseases, a total of 30 individuals) in a state of hypoxia, a study was conducted on the correction of this condition with a medicinal product for veterinary use "Aroxxen-vet" (Aroxxen ® -vet), which is a mixture of oxygen, argon, xenon and nitrogen gases. The patient's exposure time in the box averaged 6 hours before surgical treatment for the underlying disease. During the study, various parameters of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, body temperature, lactate levels, and arterial blood saturation were monitored. Measurements were performed before and after therapy with Aroxxen-vet gas. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the use of mixtures of gases with a high content of inert gases (argon, xenon) and oxygen helps to stabilize the indicators of the functional state of the animal, slow down the progression of the underlying disease and, in some cases, improve the estimated indicators (lactate, BDD). Thus, the use of "Aroxxen-vet" (Aroxxen ® -vet) for 6 hours in animals in a state of hypoxia has a positive effect on the condition of the body in the preoperative period, which reduces anesthetic risks in the operational and postoperative periods. The use of this drug for veterinary use is a promising direction in the respiratory support of animals with a serious condition, increasing the effectiveness of pathogenetic therapy.

Currently, a sufficient number of new feed additives appear on the country's market, which manufacturers declare as enterosorbents. The most accessible and less labor-intensive method for establishing the total absorption capacity of an additive is spectrophotometry. The aim of our work was a comparative analysis of the absorption of domestic enterosorbents using various methylene indicators. The research work was carried out on the basis of the GBPOU OK "Yugo-Zapad" according to generally accepted methods. To ensure the validity of the results obtained, we set up a parallel for each sample. The article presents extensive photographic material revealing the stages of the scientific research. We studied five samples of enterosorbents, which are freely available on the consumer market. In order to avoid advertising/anti-advertising, all samples were encrypted and will be made public after a set of methods. Based on the conducted research, we found that when enterosorbents were exposed to methylene violet, the top three were samples from samples No. 2, No. 1 and No. 3, for which the efficiency of the optical density of the solution, compared to the control sample, was at the level of 70.3%, 53.9% and 54.4%, respectively. When studying the general absorption capacity of enterosorbents with methylene orange, the best results were shown by samples No. 2, No. 5 and No. 1, the efficiency of which was 98.5%, 96.3% and 84.2%, compared to the control. In a comparative analysis of the control values of various indicators, the difference was 32.4%, and in the samples 1.6-18.9%, which indicates the reliability of the results obtained. The mass of absorbed indicators methylene violet and methylene orange in all samples of enterosorbents was practically the same. Based on the results obtained, we believe that the determination of the absorption capacity of various substances by spectrophotometric means, using methylene violet and methylene orange indicators, can be carried out equally.

A comparative test of the kinetics of dissolution of drugs based on robenacoxib from foreign and domestic manufacturers was carried out in three dissolution media modeling the main sections of the animal's gastrointestinal tract, and in the dissolution medium according to the ND of Apicenna LLC. The purpose of this study was to compare the kinetics of dissolution of several robenacoxib-based dosage forms registered or being developed for use in the EAEU countries, in accordance with current regulatory requirements. The quantitative determination of the released active substance was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at a wavelength of 275 nm. The experiments were performed on a Paddle Mixer, with sampling points corresponding to 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes. The results showed that the optimal dissolution medium for robenacoxib is a phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 6.8, which ensures the best release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. According to the ranking results, based on the calculated similarity factors, the following drugs are most equivalent to comparison drugs: LP 3, LP 5, LP 1, LP 4, LP 2 in decreasing order. The conducted research deepens the understanding of the biopharmaceutical properties of robenacoxib and contributes to the development of a scientifically based regulatory approach to assessing the quality of veterinary drugs in the EAEU space.

Today, the main task of keeping animals is to create optimal conditions for the maximum manifestation of their genetic, productive and individual characteristics, compliance with the rules of feeding and maintenance. In the current conditions of Russian goat breeding, where the year-round stall system of keeping goats is mainly used, increased requirements must be imposed on the quality of livestock buildings, systems of keeping and feeding. One of the most important reasons for the birth of weak lambs is inadequate feeding of pregnant goats, which does not correspond to the biological characteristics of fetal growth. To achieve high quality and further preservation of the offspring, various prebiotic feed additives are successfully used, which normalize metabolic processes, increase the digestibility and palatability of feed, ultimately increasing the quantity and improving the quality of the resulting dairy products.

The article presents the results of studying the efficiency of using a vermiculture-based and phytobiotic feed additive in growing broiler chickens. The feed additive was introduced into the main diet of chickens from the 8th to the 14th day of life in the amount of 10 g/kg of compound feed. It was found that the feed additive has a positive effect on production indicators, increasing the average daily weight gain and survivability of the bird, while reducing feed consumption. The feed additive increases the dry matter and protein content in the muscles of broiler chickens and improves the digestibility of nutrients. The use of the feed additive ensures an increase in the European index of production efficiency.

The main objective of the study was to conduct a population-statistical analysis of integrated varying selection characteristics according to such parameters as: coefficients of heritability, repeatability, correlation, mean-square deviation. At the same time, the breeding parameters of dairy cows — milk yield, mass fraction of fat and protein, as well as key reproductive indicators — show variability within acceptable limits and pronounced correlations. Genomic assessment of breeding bulls is currently the main generally accepted and widely used method in world practice for determining breeding value; an innovative and effective method for increasing the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding and implementing the producer's genotype. The basis of the genomic forecast and calculation of the breeding differential is the assessment of the varying characteristics of the breed range; with its correction and refinement of new phenotypic data. The high repeatability of traits between lactation increases the predictive value of the first lactation data and justifies early selection, while a pronounced regression to the mean with low accuracy indicates insufficient breeding value of the producer. Descriptive statistics confirm the expected structure of the phenotype: milk yield for 305 days has a median of 9,820 kg with an interquartile range of 8,54910,944 kg and moderate relative dispersion (CV≈18%); the mass fractions of fat and protein are stable (3.60% [3.46–3.75] and 3.25% [3.13–3.39], respectively; CV≈6.9% and 5.5%), while the yield of components in kilograms varies more widely (fat 351.5 kg [310.1–390.1], CV≈17.8%; protein 321.8 kg [270.8–366.0], CV≈20.7%). The reproductive block is represented by a large range of variability: the median service period is 114 days [75-187] with a CV of 66.9%, and the distribution of somatic cells is expressed as follows (137×103 [77-300×103], CV≈138%). There are moderate negative associations at the junction of productivity and reproduction: earlier first insemination is associated with higher milk yield and yield of components (r≈-0.40 with milk yield; -0.47 and -0.35 with protein and fat in kilograms; with a mass fraction of protein p≈-0.48), reflecting the combined effect of biological maturity and management. The relevance of the research problem lies in the need for continuous monitoring of incoming data and correction of the genomic forecast.

The problem of plastic pollution in the marine environment is currently widely discussed in the scientific literature. There are numerous studies that highlight the negative impact of plastic on both individual organisms and marine ecosystems as a whole. Plastic can be found throughout the world's oceans, and its widespread distribution is due to the fact that its sources are diverse, and its lightweight particles are easily transported by currents, quickly migrating from one location to another. Another factor contributing to the widespread microplastic pollution is its difficulty in decomposing naturally in the environment. Plastics do not undergo complete biological or chemical decomposition, but they break down into small particles called microplastics under the influence of external factors.

According to UNESCO, 8-10 million tons of microplastics enter the seas every year. Scientists estimate that there are currently between 50 and 75 trillion microplastics in the world's oceans, but other scientists believe that there could be between 82 and 358 trillion microplastics in the world's oceans.

Plastic is the most common type of ocean pollution, accounting for up to 80% of all marine debris.

According to Rosprirodnadzor, in 2022, the area of land occupied by garbage in Russia was about 40,000 km². Despite the fact that experts estimate that Russia's contribution to global ocean pollution is only 0.05%, even this amount of microplastics has a negative impact on aquatic life.

Currently, one of the most common types of non-infectious pathology of pigs is gastric ulcer, widespread on large farms. It is assumed that the size of feed particles, housing conditions and infection with pathogens play a role in the development of the disease. However, the exact pathophysiological mechanism of gastric ulcer in pigs is not fully understood. Given the incompleteness of the study of the pathomorphogenesis of gastric ulcer in pigs, the goal of the work is to update knowledge about the pathomorphology of this disease, if possible, using slaughterhouse material.

The material for the study was the stomachs of 332 slaughter fattening pigs of the Landrace and Duroc breeds aged 6-7 months from 2 sites of the pig farm. During postmortem examination of the internal organs of 170 pigs from the 1st site, samples of 40 stomachs with ulcerative changes were taken and from 160 pigs from the 2nd site 36 stomachs also with ulcerative changes. For the histological examination, 10 samples of pathological material from the stomachs of pigs with ulcerative changes from both sites were used.

During the postmortem examination, ulcerative changes were found in the stomachs of 40 pigs from Site 1 (23.5% of all examined) and 36 pigs from Site 2 (22.5% of all examined). Ulcerative changes and their consequences in the stomachs were represented in pigs from Site 1 by parakeratosis in 28%, erosions and ulcerations in 54%, scars and strictures in 18%; in pigs from Site 2 – parakeratosis in 25%, erosions and ulcerations in 58%, scars and strictures in 17%. The areas of parakeratosis consisted of numerous spiny cells, designated as acanthosis.

This article presents the results of a biochemical study of mineral metabolism parameters in tigers over time in relation to age. The following biochemical parameters were studied: calcium, inorganic phosphorus, calcium to phosphorus ratio, and alkaline phosphatase activity. The data were obtained from 31 animals aged 3 months to 18 years and were then divided into five age groups. The studies showed the presence of pronounced trends in all studied parameters. The most significant changes were found in alkaline phosphatase activity: the indicator significantly decreases from the youngest age group up to the age of seven, while the difference between the maximum and minimum values is 12.7 times. A progressive decrease in calcium and inorganic phosphorus was also found from the early period of life to the age range of 3-6 years, which is accompanied by a tendency to an increase in the calcium to phosphorus ratio. In the age dynamics of the older age period, a progressive increase in the level of inorganic phosphorus is observed in tigers. At the same time, the trends of calcium, alkaline phosphatase and calcium-phosphorus ratio indicators change, but the nature of these changes for all the parameters studied in middle and old age is generally multidirectional. Based on the results obtained, three stages of mineral metabolism are determined in tigers, corresponding to different age periods the period of bone tissue formation the first three years of life, the stabilization period from 3 to 12 years and the period of destabilization of mineral metabolism over 12 years.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method of treating tumor and inflammatory processes using an active substance, a photosensitizer (PS), and a light component (usually laser radiation), which affects the PS when it enters pathological cells. An urgent task of modern photodynamic therapy is the development of new effective photosensitizers that are activated in the long-wave part of the spectrum, which allows for deeper and more effective tumor irradiation one of this is PS «bacteriochlorin». Preclinical study of the effect of a new bacteriochlorin photosensitizer on blood parameters to confirm the safety of this substance is an important aspect when introducing it for both veterinary and medical purposes. This is due to the fact that animal studies are experimental models of human diseases due to the similarity of biology and morphology of some tumors. In this work were used different doses of bacteriochlorin: 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mg/kg. Before beginning of experiment was carried out control measurement of hematological and biochemical parameters of blood. The photosensitizer was made at intervals of 14 days. Based on the results of the experiment, we recommend a therapeutic dose of the photosensitizer 1 mg/kg. Bacteriochlorin in doses up to 2 mg/kg does not affect blood parameters and the general condition of animals. The photosensitizer "bacteriochlorin" in therapeutic and slightly exceeding doses slightly changes the functioning of the renal and hepatobiliary systems. The general clinical blood test for all administered doses of the drug was maintained at the level of reference values, and differed significantly in relation to the control group only when the dosage was increased by 5 times. The use of photosensitizer "bacteriochlorin" in acceptable doses cannot cause deterioration in the animal's condition.

The aim of the research is to determine the degree of correlation between various biochemical parameters of blood in Nenets reindeer in winter. It was found that the level of total bilirubin correlates most closely with the concentration of zinc (0.640) and sodium (-0.526). The activity of alkaline phosphatase has a positive relationship with the albumin-globulin index (0.500), and an increase in total protein concentration is accompanied by a decrease in glucose levels (-0.551). The albumin fraction increases with increasing sodium concentration (0.568), while its level decreases with increasing phosphorus concentration (-0.503). The calcium level shows a moderate positive correlation with phosphorus (0.572) and ALT activity (0.696). The de Ritis coefficient, on the contrary, has a negative correlation with calcium (-0.603) and phosphorus (-0.683). Calcium shows the greatest negative relationship with zinc (-0.717). Phosphorus concentration has a moderate positive correlation with the activity of AST (0.640), a moderate negative correlation with the ratio of calcium to phosphorus (0.673), a strong negative correlation with sodium (-0.795) and zinc (-0.735). ALT activity decreases significantly with increasing concentrations of sodium (-0.789) and zinc (-0.833). The de Ritis coefficient has a strong positive correlation with the levels of sodium (0.717) and zinc (0.807). Sodium, in turn, has a pronounced positive correlation with the concentration of zinc (0.832).

The rich past of Russian veterinary science requires in-depth study, both in general trends and in the study of its features in the regions. This is relevant for such a developed agricultural region of Russia as the Vologda Region, the development of livestock farming in which has a retrospective depth of several centuries.

The implementation of priority national projects, including for the purpose of ensuring food sovereignty, requires independence from the subjects, therefore it is advisable to turn to the positive historical experience accumulated in this area using the example of the Vologda Region.

The study of archival sources on veterinary science in terms of convergence, analysis and generalization of information from volosts, districts, provinces, from inter-provincial structures of tsarist Russia, the exchange of normative, methodological veterinary literature for the purpose of transferring experience allows us to conclude that they are symbiosis, as the basis of the veterinary legal field in Russia for many decades to come. The article summarizes historical experience and studies the predictors of the creation of the regulatory framework for the state veterinary service of the Vologda province in the late 19th – early 20^th centuries based on the state archive of the Vologda region (hereinafter, SAVR).