Significant regulatory and legal changes in the field of veterinary pharmacy have been taking place since 2019. The federal law and by-laws have regulated many pain points of the industry: the import of medicines for the treatment of rare animals, the absence of prescription forms of the established order, the sale of substances directly to livestock farms, the frequency of reporting, the renewal of the license for medicinal preparations, the examination of drugs, the activities of veterinary pharmacy organizations have been streamlined. These changes, of course, have become the impetus for the development of the veterinary medicines market.

However, the problem of interaction with the markets of other countries, including those belonging to the Eurasian Economic Union, is significant and especially aggravated in the current conditions. Regulation of the industry in partner countries, as a rule, is based on other standards, which poses a threat to the Russian market at a new stage, which, in the conditions of active implementation of the new model, simultaneously is a subject to geopolitical changes. In such a situation, the authorized bodies will have to maintain the achieved level of regulation and find opportunities to support domestic producers.

The article analyzes the state veterinary laboratory monitoring in the implementation of federal state veterinary control (supervision). Studied the regulatory framework for food safety. The data on the number of samples taken and the results of laboratory studies of samples of food products, feed and feed additives for veterinary safety for the period 2020-2022 for the subjects of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region were analyzed. Sampling is carried out by specialists of the NorthWestern Interregional Directorate of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance as part of safety monitoring for research at the testing centers of Rosselkhoznadzor. The task of conducting laboratory studies (tests) of the safety of goods subject to veterinary control (supervision) is to establish compliance or non-compliance of goods subject to veterinary control (supervision) with the unified veterinary (veterinary and sanitary) requirements of the Eurasian Union.

To ensure the quality and safety of food products, it is necessary to control their compliance with the mandatory requirements of the technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union; improve the organization of quality control and food safety, including the creation of a modern technical and methodological base; improve mechanisms to encourage producers to produce food products that meet the principles of healthy nutrition, including agricultural products, raw materials and food that meet established veterinary and other requirements; to strengthen the administrative responsibility of food producers and officials for violation of the mandatory requirements for food products established in the acts constituting the law of the Eurasian Economic Union and in the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

Obtaining healthy young animals with good productive potential is one of the main goals of modern animal husbandry, the implementation of which is hindered by diseases of pregnant females of various etiologies. One of these diseases is genital mycoplasmosis of cattle. To date, there is little information about the effect of this disease in maternal cows on the immune status of offspring. We have studied the effect of therapy of pregnant cows with tulatromycin on the indicators of nonspecific resistance of calves obtained from them. It has been established that genital mycoplasmosis in maternal cows leads to inhibition of bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum, as well as phagocytosis indicators in their offspring. The use of tulatromycin for treatment leads to recovery of 75% of sick animals and causes partial normalization of indicators of nonspecific resistance in their offspring. The revealed changes will optimize the treatment regimen of cows with genital mycoplasmosis.

Soil foci of anthrax located on the territory of the republic represent a certain danger to the population and the environment. In the process of work, an epizootological examination of two anthrax foci located in the Tolebiysky and Kazygurtsky districts of the Turkestan region was carried out. For microbiological studies, soil samples were taken from the territory of these foci from the surface and from various horizons to a depth of up to 30 cm. Studies of soil samples by bacteriological and biological methods showed that they showed the absence of the pathogen B. anthracis.

The model of the epidemic/epizootic process, in principle, should reflect the interaction of all its components: the source of the causative agent of infection, the mechanism of its transmission and susceptible individuals. The purpose of the article is to analyze models of the mathematical theory of epidemics (MTE) and provide recommendations on the areas of use of deterministic and stochastic models of MTE. Depending on the research objectives, relatively simple deterministic, stochastic models or more complex computer simulation models are used. Since each stochastic model of the mathematical theory of epidemics/epizootics has its deterministic counterpart, it is of interest to analyze the errors associated with ignoring the stochastic essence of the epidemic/epizootic process using deterministic models in various situations. As an example for error analysis, a widely used general stochastic model was chosen, the deterministic analogue of which is the Kermak model (W.O. Kermak) and Mc Kendrick (A.G. Mc Kendrik) [6]. The article discusses the principles of constructing deterministic and stochastic models of the mathematical theory of epidemics/epizootics (MTE). A comparative study of the results of the use of deterministic and stochastic models using simulation modeling is carried out. Recommendations on the areas of application of deterministic and stochastic models are given. The results of the conducted studies have shown that the choice between deterministic and stochastic models is determined by the population size, the stage of epidemic development, a set of parameters and requirements for the accuracy of mathematical modeling. It is concluded that mathematical modeling systems are designed to obtain a quantitative forecast of the development of the epidemic / epizootic process in order to assess the effectiveness of antiepidemic / antiepizootic measures, to analyze the risk and assess possible economic damage. The possibilities of predictive or retrospective modeling of the spread of infectious diseases are shown. 

Avian metapneumovirus infection causes significant economic damage to poultry farming, which consists of losses from a decrease in safety and productivity, as well as the cost of health and preventive measures.

The causative agent of the disease is avian metapneumovirus family Paramyxoviridae subfamily Pneumovirinae genus Metapneumovirus. The viral genome consists of 8 genes encoding 9 proteins: N-nucleoprotein, P-phosphoprotein, Mmatrix protein, F-fusion protein, M2 (M2-1,M2-2) - elongation/transcription factor, SH-(small) hydrophobic protein, Gglycoprotein, L-(large) polymerase. The virus lacks non-structural NS1 and NS2 proteins that counteract interferon.

Based on the nucleotide seguence of the variable glycoprotein G gene, avian metapneumovirus was classified into four 4 subtypes of MPV are officially known, although recent publications have reported of two new pneumoviruses, GuMPV and AMPV PAR-05 isolated from the seagull and parrot in North America.

The diversity of pathogen subtypes and differences in virulence properties of metapneumovirus create difficulties both in the prevention of this disease and in its diagnosis.

The complexity of isolating the metapneumovirus from the test material is due to the short period of persistence of the virus in the organs of birds. It is possible to isolate the RNA of the causative agent of MPVI by the molecular biological method within 17-19 days after infection. The aim of our work was development and testing of primers and probes for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B by PCR with real-time fluorescence detection, with high specificity.

Using vaccine strains 8544 and VC-03, the conditions for PCR were selected according to the composition of the PCR mixture and the annealing temperature of primers and probes. During PCR, we recorded the fluorescence signal through the FAM channel for cDNA obtained from the 8544 vaccine strain, and through the HEX channel for the VC-03 vaccine strain. The specificity of the developed primers and probes was also tested in studies with heterogeneous viruses such as Newcastle disease, classical and variant strains of chicken infectious bronchitis virus, and with bird DNA.

The studies conducted to determine the specificity of the primers selected by us for multiplex PCR diagnostics make it possible to simultaneously specifically detect subtypes A and B of the causative agent of MPVI in birds in real time using different fluorescence channels, while other non-target respiratory pathogens were not observed. 

The epizootic process (EP) is a continuous process of the emergence and spread of explicit and latent infections of animals. In some zoonoses, the study of EP by experimental studies can have negative consequences for human health. Therefore, the development of mathematical models of EP is of great practical importance. The purpose of the work is to consider the principles of the methodology for selecting and synthesizing EP models based on the mathematical theory of epidemics (MTE). Of the existing two main types of models are considered - deterministic and stochastic, their advantages and disadvantages are noted in connection with the main parameters used in the modeling of EP. An analytical review of mathematical models of Kermack (W.O.Kermack) and McKendrick; Weiss (George H. Weiss) for the study of EP is presented. Of the existing two main types of models are considered - deterministic and stochastic, their advantages and disadvantages are noted in connection with the main parameters used in the simulation of the EP. The issue of the methodology of selection and synthesis of models of the epizootic process for further forecasting of the most common viral and bacterial diseases of animals using models existing in the mathematical theory of epidemics is considered. The principles of the methodology for the selection and synthesis of MTE models using state graphs and tables of transition intensity models are considered. It is established that the method of selecting a stochastic MTE model for a specific disease or model synthesis uses a table of transition intensity models. It is concluded that the choice between deterministic and stochastic models is determined by the population size, the stage of epizootic/epidemic development, and the requirements for the accuracy of mathematical modeling. The proposed methodology for the selection and synthesis of mathematical models of EP allows you to build a mathematical model for predicting the distress of farms at the regional level. In recent years, there has been a tendency to switch to the use of simulation models and the creation of a bank of mathematical models for predicting epizootic situation indicators based on time series analysis.

Pathologies of the respiratory system are accompanied by the formation of a multicomponent microbiocenosis. Microorganisms isolated from the respiratory tract have different degrees of priority in the development of pathological processes. In waterfowl, from pathologies of fungal etiology, visceral aspergillosis with localization of the pathological focus in the respiratory tract is more common. Aspergillosis is characterized by a chronic course with various forms that can pass into one another and be supplemented by bacterioses. The aim of the work is to determine the spectrum of microbial agents in the fungal-bacterial association isolated from the lungs of a swan. The object of the study was the corpse of a hissing swan. In the course of the work, such methods as autosection, histological, microscopic, mycological, bacteriological were used. Macroscopically revealed signs characteristic of bronchopneumonia complicated by aerosacculitis. There are two types of limited foci in the lungs and air-carrying bags with a diameter from 3 cm to˂0.2 mm. Four groups of prokaryotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Echerichia coli, Staphilococcus aureus, and the microscopic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus were isolated from the lungs. The leading pathogen in the development of pathological changes in the lungs of a swan is smoking aspergillus. The isolation of representatives of enterobacteria from the lung tissue may indicate contamination of the studied material post mortem, and not the etiological significance of these bacteria. However, any negative effect causing suppression of immune defense mechanisms can stimulate the activity of microorganisms that, isolated or only in combination, can cause a pathological process in the respiratory tract. In this regard, the influence of microflora and the role of isolated microbial associates in the development of respiratory tract pathologies should not be underestimated. 

An unfavorable epizootic situation for dangerous infectious diseases requires epizootic monitoring, risk analysis of the introduction and spread of the disease using modern forecasting tools, in particular the use of geoinformation technologies for making management decisions at the level of a subject of the Russian Federation or a municipality. The purpose of the study is to create a model of a geoinformation system to support decision-making about the epizootic situation in a municipality. The analysis of the main directions of the use of geoinformation systems in municipal management is carried out. Five main stages of epizootological analysis of information (system levels) in their logical sequence are considered. At the level of the local government administration, there is an information space containing a display of epizootically significant events taking place in the region, which allows using criteria-based methods of fuzzy description of the information array using electronic maps to determine trends and directions of development of the epizootic situation with an assessment of its intensity by specific indicators (criteria). An algorithm for making managerial decisions in the detection of infectious animal diseases, including African swine fever (ASF), at the municipal level is proposed. A roadmap based on the use of a geoinformation decision-making system with subsequent visualization of the strategic plan for the development of a complex of anti-epizootic measures in ASF is presented. It is possible to use the information obtained to analyze the stability of the information space within the jurisdiction of local self-government. When it comes out of a state of stability, the decision support system forms a request to the state information resource in order to clarify the project of control actions recommended by the local administration. The proposed system allows you to generate queries automatically, clarifying and forming a cartographic representation of the current epizootic situation for the specified territory. 

Streptococci manifest their pathogenic properties by reducing the overall resistance of the organism or individual tissues.

Purpose of the work: isolation, identification and study of the biological properties of isolates isolated from the foal.

A pure culture was obtained, morphological, cultural and biochemical properties were studied.

For the subsequent identification of streptococci to species, two api 20 Strep test systems (BIOMERIEUX, France) were used. To determine the serological group of streptococci, a latex agglutination test was used using a kit for diagnosing streptococci of groups A, B, C, D, F, and G (OXOID, UK).

Laboratory methods of diagnostics for the identification of causative agents of streptococcosis and their species differentiation have been studied. Virulent Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus caused abscesses in the area of the elbow joint of the foal. Isolation of bacterial cultures was carried out by the bacteriological method. Isolated Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus had the fermentation of a number of carbohydrates: sorbitol, there was no splitting of lactose, tregolose. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus hydrolyzed esculin, no D-ribose fermentation was noted. However, the fermentation of carbohydrates is not a stable and clear sign, therefore it is not used for differentiation and identification of streptococci.

When inoculated on blood agar with 5% sheep blood after cultivation for 24 hours at 37 0C, small gray-white colonies were found, surrounded by a wide transparent zone of beta-hemolysis. Catalase test is negative.

As a result, it was found that the isolated culture belongs to the species Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus belonging to group C according to Lancefield.

Modern laboratory diagnostics requires an integrated approach to identification, which includes bacteriological and serological methods - polyphase analysis. When identifying streptococci, the determination of their serological group according to Lancefield is of great importance. For this purpose, a latex agglutination reaction is convenient using a kit for diagnosing streptococci of groups A, B, C, D, F and G (OXOID, UK), coagglutination "Streptotest A, B, C, D, G" (AQUAPAST).

Mastitis in cows is currently a pathology that causes great economic damage to livestock farms around the world. The quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk are decreasing. Prevention and treatment of breast inflammation in cows is one of the main tasks of veterinarians. For successful treatment, it is necessary to understand the etiology, especially in infectious mastitis. In order to determine the pathogenic microflora that causes mastitis in cattle, we conducted a bacteriological study of 10 milk samples from cows with breast inflammation in one of the livestock farms of the North-Western region. For the bacteriological study of milk, each sample was taken into a sterile disposable plastic container, the first trickles of milk were pre-deposited. As a result of the conducted studies, mastitis in cows caused by different microorganisms is observed, it follows that not only the farm has its own microbial landscape, but in each case different microorganisms cause mastitis. Cultures of conditionally pathogenic microflora - enterobacteria, coccoid microflora – were isolated from the material. Cultures of Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogenic microflora were not isolated in any sample. High resistance of staphylococci to antibacterial drugs of different groups was revealed. Based on the data obtained, it is worth noting the need for a bacteriological study before each appointment of mastitis treatment in cattle, especially during antibacterial therapy. It is necessary to take into account the developing resistance in pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. It is also important to note the relevance of creating a drug for the specific prevention of mastitis of cows of bacterial etiology. 

In the presented work we have studied the sanitary-microbiological, veterinary and medical significance of the mycelial fungus Geotrichum candidum. Its morphological, cultural and tinctorial properties were determined, and the method of identifying mold fungi in the scotch preparation was optimized. Pure Geotrichum candidum culture was obtained and studied during the study of the fermented milk product matsoni, the number of hyphae of mold fungus was determined according to Howard, the quality and degree of spoilage of the food product of liquid consistency were assessed.

Studies carried out in many countries of the world demonstrate considerable variability in the virulence properties of pasteurellosis. The variety of antigenicity and toxicity serovars of the pathogen determines a number of specific features of display of poultry pasteurellosis, especially in associated infections when several causative agents of infectious diseases of bacterial and/or viral etiology circulate in one farm. In mixed infections, birds show a variety of clinical signs, most notably a respiratory syndrome characterized by respiratory involvement (sinusitis, conjunctivitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and aerosacculitis) and tissue swelling in the suborbital sinuses, intermandibular spaces, and ear flaps.

This situation makes it difficult to timely and promptly conduct effective therapeutic and anti-epizootic measures. However, it is necessary to identify the etiology of the disease as soon as possible, methodically and comprehensively, taking into account epizootic data, clinical signs, pathological anatomical changes and with obligatory confirmation by laboratory tests.

At present time laboratory methods for diagnostics of avian pasteurellosis are regulated by Methodical instructions (MI) on laboratory diagnostics of pasteurellosis of animals and birds approved by the Chief Veterinary Department on August 20, 1992 № 22-7/82.

According to the approved MI, the laboratory diagnosis of avian pasteurellosis includes microscopy of smears and fingerprints, isolation of pasteurella cultures and their identification, and, if necessary, bioassaying.

It should be noted that the laboratory diagnosis of pasteurellosis according to the MI is a laborious and time-consuming process.

Apart from the methods described in the MI, the serological method - enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and molecular biological method - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are currently widely and successfully used in laboratory practice for diagnosis of avian pasteurellosis, which are not reflected in the approved MI, but allow relatively simple and rapid reliable results. 

The symptom complex of the inflammatory process in the udder was established in the process of clinical examination in 27.69±1.79 percentage of goats at the beginning of lactation. In the early postpartum period, in sick goats with catarrhal or serous mastitis, a decrease in buffer bases, glucose concentration, and the VH/AcAc coefficient were found. The content of total protein is reduced by 1.22 times, and the level of albumin is reduced by 1.51 times. The indices of AST and ALT, CHF, with catarrhal mastitis are reduced, and the indices of LDH are increased relative to other groups of animals studied, which indicates that the destabilization of metabolite metabolism during the functioning of the liver is included in the pathological process. The level of ceruloplasmin ranged from 7.97 to 141.6 mg / dl, in the blood of goats with clinical mastitis, while with subclinical mastitis from 6.74 to 89.14 mg / dl, and in the control group (clinically healthy) was in range from 9.32 to 46.137 mg/dL. Significant differences were obtained in a positive test for the level of ceruloplasmin and Creactive protein in goats with mastitis. In goats with subclinical mastitis, the level of the studied hormones was within the confidence interval, which allows us to consider hormonal imbalance as a proven cause of subclinical, catarrhal, serous mastitis and the likelihood of hormone dependence of udder inflammation in goats shortly after birth. In animals with subclinical mastitis and with clinical signs of catarrhal or serous mastitis, an increase in the level of diene conjugates by 1.87 times, and the concentration of intermediate products of ketodienes and conjugated triune’s by 1.75 times. By 38.0% of the concentration of stable metabolites of nitric oxide and a decrease of 13.1% in the content of vitamin E. In the blood of progesterone and estradiol, as well as the LPO-AOD systems, have a sufficiently high diagnostic value, allowing monitoring the course of the pathological process in the udder of goats and monitoring the treatment protocol. 

The clinical picture of the manifestation of various forms of eclampsia in pregnant ewes has been established, signs of a mild form of eclampsia in pregnant ewes are depression of the central nervous system. During the movements, the sheep staggered, the gait was uncertain. Quite often, there was a frozen pose, the animals stood with their necks outstretched and their heads held high. Characteristic signs of severe form are fibrillary twitching of the muscles of the ears, neck, and around the mouth. During the whole time, the animal was in a state of catalepsy. The sheep was lying on its side 8... 10 hours before its death, its limbs and neck were stretched out; it tried to throw its head back. Nervous excitement turned into a comatose state. Laboratory blood tests have established an increase in the level of ketone bodies above physiological limits by 2.3 times and their fractions — AcAs and HH, respectively, by 5.9 times and 1.5 times, a decrease in buffer bases to 18.41 ± 1.53 mmol/l, glucose concentration to 2.25±0.16 mmol/l, as well as the HH/AcAs coefficient to 1.53. The conducted ELISA of blood serum allowed us to obtain information about the levels of FSH, LH, etch radial values in the group of sheep with eclampsia and the control group, which significantly differed from each other (p<0.05). The content of cortisol (21.4±3.47 ng/ml), as well as progesterone (11.2± 4.31 ng/ml) remains quite significant, which does not allow for metabolic processes. In the blood of ewes with eclampsia, an increase in the concentration of ketodiene intermediates and conjugated trines was found to be 1.75 times, and the content of manol dialdehyde was 1.125±0.34 mmol/l. An integrated approach to the examination of pregnant ewes in the framework of obstetric medical examination increases the diagnostic effectiveness of eclampsia detection by 24.3% compared to traditional research methods. The diagnostic sensitivity was 75.8%, the specificity of the test was 96.2%, the prognostic value of a positive result was 94.5%, and the prognostic value of a negative result was 83.9%.>˂0.05). The content of cortisol (21.4±3.47 ng/ml), as well as progesterone (11.2± 4.31 ng/ml) remains quite significant, which does not allow for metabolic processes. In the blood of ewes with eclampsia, an increase in the concentration of ketodiene intermediates and conjugated trines was found to be 1.75 times, and the content of manol dialdehyde was 1.125±0.34 mmol/l. An integrated approach to the examination of pregnant ewes in the framework of obstetric medical examination increases the diagnostic effectiveness of eclampsia detection by 24.3% compared to traditional research methods. The diagnostic sensitivity was 75.8%, the specificity of the test was 96.2%, the prognostic value of a positive result was 94.5%, and the prognostic value of a negative result was 83.9%.

The aim of the study was to develop a treatment regimen for otitis externa with contamination by bacterial infection and yeast fungi of the genus Malassezia in dogs with signs of food allergy without the use of steroid preparations. The study was conducted on nine dogs of dwarf breeds aged from six months to two years with a clinically and laboratory confirmed diagnosis of otitis externa complicated by bacterial and yeast contamination. As a result of cytological examination of smears prepared from earwax and smears-prints taken from the area of interdigital spaces, the presence of cocci and yeast fungi in various ratios was revealed in the studied animals. At the same time, bacterial microflora (coccoid forms) prevailed in four animals, fungal microflora prevailed in three, and the ratio of cocci and fungi in two animals was 1:1. The animals were prescribed therapy, including the use of self-prepared ear drops based on the preparations "Baitril 5.0%" and "Clotrimazole 1.0%", a course of 14 days with preliminary cleaning of the external auditory passages with specialized veterinary lotions based on glycyrine.

It was found that the developed treatment regimen for otitis externa with contamination by bacterial infection and yeast fungi of the genus Malassezia in dogs with signs of food allergy is effective. The fundamental difference between this scheme and common treatment regimens is the absence of steroid drugs in its composition, which often lead to undesirable side reactions of the body.

Obtaining livestock products from healthy livestock is the main goal of the entire livestock industry. The intensification of animal husbandry is accompanied by the active introduction of modern technologies for keeping, feeding and exploitation. Against the background of technological stress factors in cattle, there is a decrease in the duration of productive use, which is due to high morbidity against the background of a decrease in the immune response. The economic losses associated with postpartum illness are forcing professionals to make more informed decisions about prevention and treatment.

It is for this reason that the purpose of our study was to study the spread of postpartum diseases in highly productive cows and the prevention of metabolic disorders in newborn cows with PS-2, Prevention-N-E and PDE with E-selenium.

In the course of the analysis of morbidity, it was revealed that after calving cows, obstetric and gynecological pathologies are most often recorded: mastitis (26.5%), endometritis (24.5%), subinvolution of the uterus (24.15%), retention of the placenta (7.15%), ovarian diseases (17.45%). Against the background of inaccuracies in feeding during the transition period, the animals have a deficiency of calcium, glucose, phosphorus, as well as an excess of reference values in terms of aminotransferase metabolism. Against the background of immunocorrection of the body in cows of 1,2 and 3 experimental groups, an increase in the level of calcium, in contrast to the control, is noted by 0.22 mmol / l - PS-2, 0.27 - Prevention-NE and 0.24 mmol / l - PDE+ E-selenium. Similar dynamics was observed in the level of glucose in the blood of cows of the experimental groups, exceeding the control values by 22-38%.

The use of PS-2, Prevention-N-E and PDE with E-selenium made it possible to reduce the risk of latent ketosis and hypocalcemia by 2 times, compared with animals that did not receive prophylaxis.

The obtained results of biochemical studies prove the stimulating effect of biological products on the mineral metabolism of the body and the absorption of macronutrients.

The stability of metal structures is the most acute issue during operations in the spinal column, and in this regard, it is necessary to search for alternative models to explore the possibilities of their application. The work is based on the determination of the initial forces leading to the displacement of the screw from its initial position inside the vertebrae and their simulators. The study used cadaver vertebrae as well as 3D printed models from various renewable sources. All vertebral samples were analyzed for the ability to securely fix screws in them by means of an automated traction force. As a result, it was found that the synthetic material, consisting of a thermoplastic polymer derived from corn starch, showed the closest stability (retention) characteristics of cortical screws to vertebrae obtained from cadaveric material.

Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in animals characterized by focal or disseminated granulomatous lesions of the brain and spinal cord. The local form can affect the intersection of the optic nerves. Inflammation of this site leads to the ophthalmoform of granulomatous encephalomyelitis, which is characterized by the progressive occurrence of blindness due to optic neuritis, may be accompanied by uveitis. The aim of the work is to study the effect of vaccination on the development of the ophthalmoform of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and the possibility of prevention. The studies were conducted on the basis of the Pride Cancer Center and at the SPbGUVM. According to the research data, all vaccinated animals had a preliminary diagnosis of optic neuritis and a final diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. The development of the ophthalmoform of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis may be associated with an aberrant response to the introduction of the carnivore plague virus or the development of an autoimmune response after vaccination. The annual administration of a vaccine from one manufacturer is recommended to prevent the development of both GME and the formation of anaphylactic shock.

The reactive inflammatory process in the eye reflects a protective and adaptive reaction to the accumulation of toxins and under-oxidized products in the iris. Clinical signs depend on the degree of inflammation in the vascular tract, and the change in the eyes, expressed by a different picture, has a heterogeneous character. The paper presents the results of studies on the study of differential diagnostic clinical signs of destruction of the hemato-ophthalmic barrier as a manifestation of paraneoplastic syndrome. Substantiated clinical risk factors and diagnostic criteria. It is shown that the clinical manifestation of endogenous uveitis in small domestic animals is diverse and does not fit into the classical concepts of clinical forms of exogenous origin. Characteristic is the generalized nature of inflammation with lesions in dogs of the anterior uveal tract, in cats of the posterior uveal tract. Clinical forms of serous-fibrinous anterior uveitis in dogs and hemoragic chorioretinitis in cats in the presence of synechiae and mooring in the vitreous body are attributed to clinical risk factors for blindness in small pets. The schemes of hormonal and drug treatment and pathogenetic treatment have been developed. The treatment system provided for the choice of a regimen, the duration of treatment and an assessment of its effectiveness, taking into account not only clinical features, but also risk factors for the occurrence of the disease.

The aim of the work is to substantiate the application of the priority use of the "molecular docking" methodology as the development of new drugs for veterinary medicine with the study of the main methodological approaches.

Scientific novelty of the publication in the complex of studies of an observed study in the field of promising developments of pharmaceutical substances (including those based on digital transformation), such as the molecular docking method, with a description of the main clinical approaches and observations. The main author's hypothesis of this study is the possibility of the most promising approaches from the point of view of veterinary pharmacology for their stable possible application in industry practice.

The information retrieval methodology was based on such general scientific methods of cognition as: a review of specialized search engines and databases of scientific and research data (Scopus, WoS, PubMed) over the past 15 years, analysis of the identified results, and their comparison by relevance.

Molecular docking refers to modeling (including computer modeling) of molecular interaction in the context of complementarity and the search for optimal conformations to achieve the desired pharmacological effect.

Molecular docking involves finding the maximum mode or mode of binding of a ligand to a target cell. The way it binds to receptors is often used and decides its state variables. They include its position in the cavity, its orientation and its conformation (torsion angles for each rotating). It is revealed that this leads to a description of the degree of freedom in a multidimensional space, their boundaries describe the degree of search.

Molecular docking refers to modeling (including computer modeling) of molecular interaction in the context of complementarity and the search for optimal conformations to achieve the desired pharmacological effect.

The proposed algorithms for scientific work on the consideration of applied problems of pharmacology and bioinformatics. The analyzed approach is well suited for solving the tasks.

The article discusses the use of blockchains in various areas of veterinary medicine, including veterinary education. So, in the Russian Federation, as early as 2019, a departmental project "Digital Agriculture" was created, which includes three stages: the creation and integration of databases, the introduction of the "Agricultural Solutions" module of the national platform, and the final one - the creation of a system for continuous training of specialists of agricultural enterprises in order to form of them competencies in the field of digital economy.

The polythematic abstract-bibliographic base is analyzed. The main attention was paid to such scientometric databases as: Web of Science Core Collection, Medline, PubMed, RSCI, as well as data from the eLIBRARY.ru portal. An assessment of the statistical data and publication activity of the authors regarding the request and use of blockchain technology was made.

The aim of the study was to analyze the publication activity of the authors and relevant data search from 2019-2023, regarding the use of blockchain technologies in veterinary medicine.

If in 2019, at the request of "blockchain in veterinary medicine", the system issued 7 publications, for 2020 - 15 articles, 2021 - 16 articles, then in 2022. already 25 articles. As of November 2022, in 2023, there are already 4 preprints. All these data indicate that this technology is rapidly gaining momentum in the scientific field, and many scientists and entrepreneurs see great prospects in it.

According to the studies conducted in scientometric databases, and their distribution by relevance, showed the relevance of introducing this technology, big database technology, blockchain technologies not only in veterinary practice, but also in veterinary education.

Climate change is a fact with serious implications that extend to pollution, seafood safety and global food security.

The studies were carried out in 2022, on the basis of the FGBOU HE SPbGUVM. Guppy aquarium fish were taken as objects of exploratory research. In the amount of 45 pieces. All objects were placed in the same habitat conditions: 3 aquariums of 10 liters each, males were selected, 10 pcs each. Three groups were created: the first group was given acetate as a lead toxicant, at the rate of 1g/10l, which is 10 times higher than the MPC, which is 0.1g/l according to existing regulations. The second group was given a toxicant in an equivalent dose and a sorption complex (vermiculite, perlite and polyphepan) at the rate of 4% of the daily norm, the control group remained free of toxicants and premix.

The toxicant was given once, the sorption complex for a month, crushed and mixed with the feed beforehand. Feeding was carried out with specialized Tetra food. After 30 days. guppy tissue and organ samples were sent to the laboratory of the Educational and Research Center for the Expertise of Food Products and Feed for Animals (FGBOU VO SPbGUVM, St. Petersburg). A study on the detection of lead in tissues and organs was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry M 04-64-2017, using an atomic absorption spectrometer with electrical atomization MGA-915.

According to our exploratory studies, the premix dose of 4% allowed to reduce the amount of toxins by almost three times under equal conditions. Thus, this complex of sorbents can be used as a prevention of altimentary toxicosis with lead acetate in aquarium fish, and also that a premix of sorbents can be recommended for use in fisheries after industrial testing.

The article presents the results of comparative therapy of cats with inflammatory processes in the oral cavity (stomatitis, nigivit). We selected 30 cats, took the material for BAC-inoculation with subtitration to antibiotics, and analyzed the results. To compare therapy, which includes the use of an antibacterial drug and complex therapy, which includes additional processing of the oral cavity, two groups of animals were created. Based on previously obtained and known data, the first group of animals was prescribed doxycycline in oral form at a dose of 5 mg per kg 2 times a day for 7 days, the second group, the animals were prescribed doxycycline at the same dose, but additionally with the treatment of the oral cavity an aqueous solution of propolis and chlorhexidine bigluconate 0.12% 3 times a day after meals for 7 days. According to the results of BAC-inoculation with subtitration to antibiotics, it was revealed that the largest group of the studied animals was contaminated with Pasteurella multocida. All isolated microorganisms were sensitive to the prescribed antibiotic. After the therapy, it was noted that the state of the oral cavity in animals taking doxycycline and conducting local treatments with an aqueous solution of propolis, chlorhexidine bigluconate 0.12% was better than in animals with only the use of doxycycline. Improvements in the first group occurred by the end of the week of taking the drug, in the second - after an average of 3 days. 

The purpose of our studies was to evaluate the irritating effect of Tildox AVZ on the mucous membranes of the eyes. Tildox AVZ is a combined antibiotic in the form of a powder, which contains 100 mg doxycycline hyclate and 100 mg tylosin tartrate as active ingredients per 1 g. During the research, 18 mature albino rabbits weighing 3.0 - 3.5 kg were involved. For this, 3 groups of rabbits were formed, 6 animals each. The study drug was administered to the animals in the conjunctival cavity of the right eye in the dose of 3 drops in 1, 3 and 5% concentrations. The left eye of each rabbit was used as a control. The reaction was taken into account immediately after the introduction of the drug into the conjunctival cavity and also in 30 minutes; 1, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours; 7, 14 days and 21 days after application. The results showed that when Tildox AVZ was applied at different concentrations to the mucous membrane of the eye it did not have an irritating effect. The effect of eye treatment with the drug in all concentrations presented was absent. There were no such phenomena as: hyperemia of the conjunctiva, opacity of the cornea, swelling of the eyelids or discharge from the eyes. As a result of the studies it was found that a single injection of the drug Tildox AVZ into the conjunctival sac of rabbits at concentrations of 1, 3 and 5% does not cause a response, which indicates the absence of an irritating effect of the drug on eye tissues.

Veterinary and sanitary examination is an extensive set of measures aimed at assessing the quality and safety of raw materials of various origins. As you know, fish is a perishable product, so it is also subject to a thorough veterinary and sanitary examination. To improve the quality and safety of raw materials, currently, biologically active substances are used in almost all branches of agriculture. Some feed additives, in turn, have a beneficial effect on the immune system. When using the drug "SmartBiotic" in concentrations of 0.15% and 0.25%, the organoleptic parameters were within normal limits, there were no traces of muscle tissue decay, samples for hydrogen sulfide and ammonia were negative. It is shown that the drug "SmartBiotic", developed on the basis of humic acids, has a beneficial effect on the quality and safety of products and can be recommended for use in fish farming. 

Valdaisky National Park is a protected area located on the territory of the Novgorod region of the Russian Federation. The park was created in 1990 to preserve the natural complex of the Valdai Upland, and to organize ecological tourism on its territory.

n important part of the park are water areas: within the boundaries of the park there are more than 270 lakes, the largest of which form the boundaries of the park. One of the most significant - Lake Veljo - has been the object of environmental research over the past decade. However, small lakes (Ukleinskoye and Pavlovo), which are part of the Velyo system, have not been investigated. The task of the study was to determine the ecological state of such lakes and assess their impact on the state of the lake. Vello.

For the water of each studied reservoir, the main hydrochemical parameters were determined. Based on the results of the research, a water pollution index was calculated for each lake, according to the results of which they were assigned a water quality class. Both studied reservoirs belonged to the II class of quality, which characterizes them as clean. Previous studies of the Veljo waters showed the same results. Thus, on the basis of this, it can be tentatively assumed that the negative impact of the Pavlovo and Ukleinskoe lakes on the lake. Vello is missing. However, further studies of the waters of these lakes are necessary, since for many reasons the situation may change for the worse. Pollution of small lakes will also affect Veljo, which will lead to negative consequences in various industries. 

Modern hunting economy makes a certain contribution to the human diet. In the Russian Federation, brown bear hunting is allowed in certain areas of its range [3, 7]. The biology and ecology of bears as animals, which are a key link in the food chain in natural conditions, has been the subject of many studies, including zoological, hunting, and veterinary biological studies [10]. Bear meat has a high nutritional value, even compared to pork or lamb, and in terms of high protein content in its composition, it is similar to beef. Due to the specifics and rules of hunting, game consumption per person is determined to be 5-7 kg/year (against 73 kg/year for the meat of farm animals).

Based on the complex of studies, it can be concluded that the presented samples of bear meat from the hunting grounds of the Yaroslavl region corresponded to all indicators regulated by the quality and safety requirements, and also have high nutritional value and taste. Thus, all this once again confirms that bear meat is currently a valuable, environmentally friendly food resource for humans, and in the conditions of increasing anthropogenic pressure on the territory, it is necessary to pay increased attention to the reasonable use, conservation and restoration of hunting resources.

This article describes the results of a study of the content of somatic cells in milk using various methods. Milk samples were tested using a standardized apparatus method using a Somatos-V viscometer, from which 3 groups of 20 samples were selected. The formation of groups was based on the content of somatic cells in the samples (up to 200; 200-400 and over 400 thousand/cm³). Further research was aimed at studying the diagnostic properties of the new test, the action of which is based on the suppression of foaming by mastitis milk. All samples were tested using the foam test and the California mastitis test. The coincidence of the results of the study of the studied test systems with the reference method was revealed in relation to samples containing a small (up to 200 thousand/cm³) and an increased (over 400 thousand/cm³) number of somatic cells. In samples with a cell concentration from 200 to 400 thousand/cm³, there are different results in the study by express testing methods. The foam test showed 90% and the California test showed 75% agreement with the results of viscometry. Given the difficulty in diagnosing latent mastitis, the foam test studied in this work may have promising prospects for use on farms for the early detection of sick cows. This method allows more accurately, qualitatively, to determine the increase in the number of somatic cells in milk, which is important in the diagnosis of latent subclinical mastitis and their timely treatment.

The purpose of this work is to realize the productive qualities of young pigs by increasing the effectiveness of specific prevention of infectious diseases. The object of the study was 45 pigs of the Landrace breed from 14 to 171 days of age, divided according to the principle of pairs of analogues into 3 groups of 15 heads. The animals of the 1^st experimental group were injected with the immunotropic drug PigStim-V in a dose of 1.0 ml per head twice at the age of 14 and 21 days in order to stimulate nonspecific resistance of the body and increase the effectiveness of specific prevention of infectious diseases intramuscularly at the age of 14 and 21 days. Moreover, the second injection was carried out simultaneously with immunization against type 2 porcine circovirus infection. The tested immunotropic drug PigStim-V was administered to animals of the 2^nd experimental group once, at a dose of 1.0 ml per head at the age of 21 days simultaneously with a commercial vaccine against porcine circovirus. Animals of the 3^rd group served as biological control. The results of the study confirm the effectiveness of the use of the immunotropic drug PigStim-V as an adjuvant in the vaccination of pigs. Both single and double intramuscular injection of PigStim-V increases the titer of specific antibodies against porcine circovirus infection and against α, β and ε toxins of the microorganism Clostridium perfringens, prevents and increases the effectiveness of therapy of diseases of non-infectious etiology, stimulates growth. A more pronounced positive effect is observed with the double administration of an immunotropic drug. 

The addition of vegetable fats is one of the most common falsifications of dairy and dairy compound products. Therefore, the development of a method for detecting vegetable fats in vegetable products seems relevant. In the context of import substitution and the active development of Russian agriculture and the dairy industry, affordable, easy-to-use, accurate and reliable methods are especially relevant.

In this article, we presented the results of a luminescent study of cottage cheese, sour cream, and other dairy products and compared them with milk-containing products containing milk fat using the Filin HD luminoscope device. As a result of our research, we found that the presence of vegetable fats in dairy products can be easily detected using the luminescent research method. In particular, we noted that dairy products containing vegetable fats when viewed in ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 365 nm. luminesces with a bright blue color, while dairy products that do not contain vegetable fat have a yellow glow.

Based on our research, we concluded that luminoscopy is an affordable, accurate and fast method that meets the requirements of express analysis, giving a stable result. That allows us to recommend it as a screening tool for detecting falsifications of dairy and dairy compound products with vegetable fats. 

This article describes a technique for detecting pesticides in poultry meat samples using thin layer chromatography. In the course of the study, the qualitative indicators of the content of pesticides in samples of poultry carcasses treated with the insecticide esbiotrin, used to prevent the reproduction of the red chicken mite among the poultry population, were determined. The studies were carried out at various time intervals from the moment the poultry was treated with the drug; quantitative determination of the content of the residual concentration of pesticides by thin-layer chromatography will reveal the feasibility and safety of using the active substance as an insecticide in poultry farming. Chromatographic studies were carried out on the basis of the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of the SPbGUVM.

During the experiment, 3 experimental groups of laying hens and 1 control group (10 animals each) were selected. The experimental groups were treated with a 0.001% solution of esbiotrin after which the birds were slaughtered 24, 72 and 120 hours after treatment. The selected samples were subjected to chromatographic examination to detect residual concentrations of synthetic pyrethroids.

Against the background of moving away from the use of antibacterial drugs in animal husbandry, preparations containing probiotics are becoming increasingly important. Such drugs have the ability to suppress and neutralize the action of conditionally pathogenic intestinal microflora, while maintaining the obligate microflora of the gastrointestinal tract of animals of different age groups. Feed biologically active additive "Vetlaktoflor" is one of the preparations in this direction. The aim of the work was to study the effect of the use of the Vetlaktoflor probiotic supplement, which is recommended for use in young animals, on the quality of the resulting young animals and their productive indicators during pregnancy. In the course of the research, 4 experimental groups of pregnant sows were formed. The control group without the use of the drug and 3 experimental groups, where the drug was used according to the following scheme: 2nd experimental group - the active additive "Vetlaktoflor" was used in animals 2 weeks before farrowing, 3rd experimental group - the active additive "Vetlaktoflor" was used in animals 2 months before farrowing , 4 experimental group - animals received the biologically active additive "Vetlaktoflor" twice during gestation: 2 months before farrowing and 2 weeks before farrowing. The probiotic was administered orally individually, at a dose of 8 ml per head, once a day, for 2 weeks. At the time of farrowing, the data on the number of stillborn and culled piglets were recorded, the mortality of piglets and the number of diarrhea were recorded within 2 decades after birth. The use of the feed biologically active additive "Vetlaktoflor" at the time of farrowing showed a decrease in the number of stillborn and culled piglets in the control groups. And if in the control group the number of stillborns was 7.4%, then in the experimental groups the highest figure was 2.8%, as well as the number of culled livestock in the control group was 11.7%, while in the experimental groups this indicator in its highest value was 6.6%, which indicates a higher farrowing rate. The mortality rate of young animals over two decades in the experimental groups had the highest rate of 2.8%, while in the control group it was 11.4%. At the same time, the number of cases of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract of young animals in the experimental groups had the highest value of 8.92%, while in the control group it was 24.11%. The use of the probiotic "Vetlaktoflor" is effective in pig pregnancy, improving the performance of farrowing and the productivity of the resulting young. 

Canning fish with table salt is one of the predominant processing methods that helps protect the product from decomposition by microorganisms and is used as disinfection for some invasive diseases. But the violation of manufacturing technologies and the use of stale fish as raw materials contributes to the development of defects and the preservation of the viability of parasites, which can pose a danger to human health.

Anisakidosis is a helminthiasis caused by nematodes from the genus Anisakis simplex, localized in the muscle tissue and serous membranes of marine fish. This pathogen leads to intestinal invasions in many species of mammals, including humans.

The purpose of our study was to conduct a parasitological study of samples of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) undivided salted of different brands.

This article highlights the study of Atlantic herring of different brands sold in the retail chain of St. Petersburg. An external and internal examination of herring, a compressor study of muscle tissue and a study using the method of parallel muscle incisions were carried out. Among the studied samples, according to the results of the parasitological study, trademarks I and II account for 4 infected herring out of 10 (40%), and among the samples of trademark III, 7 out of 10 samples were affected by nematodes of the genus Anisakis simplex (70%). 

This article presents the results of a study of the possibility of using the feed additive "Pular" in the ration of broiler chickens. As a result of the conducted studies to determine the digestibility of the feed additive "Pular" in broiler chickens of the «ROSS 308» cross, it was found that at the age of 27 and 34 days, the poultry of the II and III experimental groups exceeded the control group almost in all indicators of the digestibility of the feed. The coefficient of digestibility of crude protein was higher in broiler chickens of the II and III experimental groups by 4.13-4.92%, fiber by 1.61 - 2.68%, ash by 85.55 - 97.71% and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1.58 - 2.28 compared with the control group. In the conclusions based on the analysis of the conducted studies, the authors conclude that the inclusion of the feed mixture "Pular" in the ration contributes to a better assimilation of nutrients in the poultry body, as well as the efficiency of feed using, that contributes to increase of the growth rate of broiler chickens in turn. 

The aim of the research was to determine the residual amounts of organophosphorus pesticides in milk, after treatment of the skin of cattle, using the method of thin layer chromatography. The studies were carried out on the basis of the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of the St. Petersburg State University of Medicine. The material was milk samples taken 7 days and 14 days and 21 days after treatment of the animals. In parallel, control samples containing pure active substance were applied to chromatographic plates. Results were evaluated under UV light using a UVC-HDi UV cabinet. Based on the results of the studies, the dependence and sensitivity of the method to the detection of pesticides in milk after treatment of animals with diazinon-C was established. The size of the spots of the applied samples on day 7 after treatment was less than on day 14, and on day 21, the substance was not detected in the samples. Thus, this method can establish not only the presence of microconcentrations of substances in the samples, but also the dependence of their number on the size of spots on the chromatographic plate.

The liver of animals and humans is characterized by polyfunctionality. All the variety of liver functions and the intensity of their course is determined by the peculiarities of its hemodynamics. According to the morphological anatomy of the pig liver, I distinguish six lobes: the right lateral and medial, the left lateral and medial, square and caudate. The functional anatomy of the liver is based on the division of the liver into segments. In this case, the division is based on the fact that each segment has its own double blood supply, bile and lymph outflow routes. The aim of the study is to study the architectonics of the hepatic veins of newborn piglets, to give a morphometric characteristic of the branches of the intraorgan venous bed, as well as the segmental structure of the liver of piglets. The corpses of newborn piglets of the Landrace breed served as the material for the study. Vasorentgenography, fine anatomical dissection, and morphometry were chosen as research methods. The study included 15 piglets of the newborn period. During the study, it was found that four hepatic veins (right accessory, right, left and middle) flow into the caudal genital vein. Hepatic veins have complex intra-organ architectonics and take branches of the first and second order along their course. The maximum diameter is the left hepatic vein, which carries out the outflow of blood from the left lateral and medial lobes of the liver. The right hepatic vein drains blood from the right lateral and medial lobes, the middle hepatic vein drains from the square lobe, gallbladder and part of the left medial lobe. The smallest diameter is characteristic of the right accessory hepatic vein, which drains the caudate lobe.

Having studied the intra–organ architectonics of the branches of the hepatic veins, it can be concluded that the liver of piglets has eight segments - one segment each in the caudate, left medial, right medial and square lobes, two segments each in the left and right lateral lobes. 

This article presents the results of statistical processing of a data array based on the results of a study of two biochemical parameters - total and pancreatic amylase. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that a test system for determining the activity of pancreatic amylase in animals has been developed and introduced into clinical practice relatively recently. In this regard, there are no data in the literature on reference intervals for this indicator in horses. First, each sample was evaluated for normal distribution. After that, statistical outliers were removed from each dataset using Tukey's method. The 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles were then calculated in the remaining data set. Their values were the boundaries of the reference intervals. Based on the results of the studies, normative limits were set for total amylase - from 13.5 to 135.0 IU / l and pancreatic amylase - from 8.5 to 40.2 IU / l. The indicator of pancreatic amylase activity is a rare biochemical marker, especially in horses, so the results of the studies carried out in this article can be used as reference material in the formation of forms of biochemical results, as well as in the detection of cases of pathological processes in the pancreas. 

To identify the functional reserve of immunocompetent cells in sick piglets and to predict the appointment of immunomodulators, rosette formation loading tests with synthetic peptide bioregulators thymogen and synthetic bone marrow pentapeptide (SPCM) were performed. Also, loading tests were carried out in groups of animals in the treatment of which the above drugs were used. As a result of studies, it was found that during acute bronchopneumonia, the 14th day is the critical period for the activation of immunocompetent cells. The use of immunomodulators in the treatment of bronchopneumonia allows to avoid a drop in the activity of T-lymphocytes during this period, and to a greater extent affects the activation of T -lymphocytes by thymogen used as part of the complex therapy of sick animals.

Fish and fish products are perishable products. Therefore, if the conditions of cultivation, preparation, storage and transportation are not observed, the risk of contamination of fish with microorganisms increases. In case of doubt about the degree of freshness of fish according to organoleptic indicators, laboratory tests are carried out, one of which is bacterioscopy of smears-prints of bioassays, used in cases of suspected contamination of fish with microorganisms. The evaluation of the results of the bacteriological study is carried out by the intensity of coloring and the number of cocci, sticks in the prepared smears-prints.

Bacteriological tests of smears-prints of fish muscle tissue was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Examination of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution "SPbGUVM" according to generally accepted methods in accordance with the "On the safety of fish and fish products". The essence of bacteriological research lies in the fact that two smears are made on the slides, the preparations are dried in the air, fixed with a triple holding over the flame of an alcohol lamp and stained by Gramm. They view several fields of vision and calculate the arithmetic mean number of microbes in one field of view.

The heart of a domestic bull, like that of other ruminants, according to domestic and foreign authors, has a leftcoronary type of blood supply, which is caused by the dominance of the left coronary artery over the right one in relation to the area vascularized by them and the cross-sectional diameter. In a two-month-old Black-and-White calf, only the right coronary artery took part in the blood supply to the heart, while the left coronary artery was completely absent. In this regard, the purpose of our study was to study the features of the vascularization of the left ventricle of the heart of a Blackand-White breed calf with a right-sided type of blood supply. The corpse of a black-and-white calf at the age of two months served as a material for the study. The methods for the study were fine anatomical preparation and making casts of heart vessels using latex. According to the results of the study, it was found that despite the absence of the left coronary artery, the right coronary artery in a two-month-old Black-and-White calf in several areas of the heart has a very similar branching variability. In this regard, we can assume a sufficient level of compensation for the blood supply to the left ventricle of the heart in this calf. It was determined that the main branches of the right coronary artery, which vascularize the left ventricle, in the studied calf in their topography have frequent S-shaped bends and loose type of division, which can increase the risk of coronary heart pathologies. The data obtained confirm the high degree of variability of coronary arteries in animals, regardless of their species and breed. The results of the study can be used by veterinary specialists as a variant of the anatomical development of the coronary arteries of the heart in farm animals and their possible variability.

The article traces information about the staff of the Department of Clinical Diagnostics from the moment of its formation in 1922 to the present. The main scientific achievements that are important for veterinary medicine of productive and domestic animals are reflected.

Continuing the traditions of the department, employees solve the problems of diagnosis, clinic and treatment of animals with pathology of non-contagious etiology. Work is underway to develop methods of adequate therapy, new methods of drug and non-drug treatment of sick animals are being introduced. Along with the traditional areas of educational and scientific activity, research has intensified on the characteristics of metabolic disorders, anemia and therapeutic assistance in small cattle in industrial enterprises. 

The article discusses the main milestones of the formation of higher veterinary education in Portugal since the XIX century, when the first collective education in the field of agriculture of this country appeared. The prerequisites for the development of veterinary medicine in the west of the Iberian Peninsula and the factors constraining it are indicated. The importance of special veterinary education for ensuring not only the food security of the country, but also for the development of science as a whole is shown. Archival data on the disciplines studied by students in higher veterinary educational institutions in the last few centuries are noted.

Vetrov Vitaly Petrovich - Major General of the Veterinary Service in reserve, Honored Veterinary Doctor of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Biological Sciences, combat veteran, Chairman of the Veterinary Council of the Veterinary and Sanitary Service of the Armed Forces, full member of the International Informatization Academy, professor of the Academy of Military Sciences.